15,103 research outputs found
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Application of digital technology in the accurate replication and preservation of slide-based works of art
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A new multi-spectral imaging system for examining paintings
A new multispectral system developed at the National Gallery is presented. The system is capable of measuring the spectral reflectance per pixel of a painting. These spectra are found to be almost as accurate as those recorded with a spectrophotometer; there is no need for any spectral reconstruction apart from a simple cubic interpolation between measured points. The procedure for recording spectra is described and the accuracy of the system is quantified. An example is presented of the use of the system to scan a painting of St. Mary Magdalene by Crivelli. The multispectral data are used in an attempt to identify some of the pigments found in the painting by comparison with a library of spectra obtained from reference pigments using the same system. In addition, it is shown that the multispectral data can be used to render a color image of the original under a chosen illuminant and that interband comparison can help to elucidate features of the painting, such as retouchings and underdrawing, that are not visible in trichromatic images
A new camera for high-resolution infrared imaging of works of art
A new camera â SIRIS (scanning infrared imaging system) â developed at the National Gallery in London allows high-resolution images to be made in the near infrared region (900â1700 nm). The camera is based on a commercially available 320 Ă 256 pixel indium gallium arsenide area array sensor. This relatively small sensor is moved across the focal plane of the camera using two orthogonal translation stages to give images of c. 5000 Ă 5000 pixels. The main advantages of the SIRIS camera over scanning infrared devices or sequential image capture and mosaic assembly are its comparative portability and rapid image acquisition â making a 5000 Ă 5000 pixel image takes less than 20 minutes. The SIRIS camera can operate at a range of resolutions; from around 2.5 pixels per millimetre over an area of up to 2 Ă 2 m to 10 pixels per millimetre when examining an area measuring 0.5 Ă 0.5 m. The development of the mechanical, optical and electronic components of the camera, including the design of a new lens, is described. The software used to control image capture and to assemble the individual frames into a seamless mosaic image is mentioned. The camera was designed primarily to examine underdrawings in paintings; preliminary results from test targets and paintings imaged in situ are presented and the quality of the images compared with those from other cameras currently used for this application
SIRIS: a high resolution scanning infrared camera for examining paintings
The new SIRIS (Scanning InfraRed Imaging System) camera developed at the National Gallery in London allows highresolution images of paintings to be made in the near infrared region (900â1700 nm). Images of 5000 Ă 5000 pixels are made by moving a 320 Ă 256 pixel InGaAs array across the focal plane of the camera using two orthogonal translation stages. The great advantages of this camera over scanning infrared devices are its relative portability and that image acquisition is comparatively rapid â a full 5000 Ă 5000 pixel image can be made in around 20 minutes. The paper describes the development of the mechanical, optical and electronic components of the camera, including the design of a new lens. The software routines used to control image capture and to assemble the individual 320 Ă 256 pixel frames into a seamless mosaic image are also mentioned. The optics of the SIRIS camera have been designed so that the camera can operate at a range of resolutions; from around 2.5 pixels per millimetre on large paintings of up to 2000 Ă 2000 mm to 10 pixels per millimetre on smaller paintings or details of paintings measuring 500 Ă 500 mm. The camera is primarily designed to examine underdrawings in paintings; preliminary results from test targets and paintings are presented and the quality of the images compared with those from other cameras currently used in this field
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Non-invasive imaging of subsurface paint layers with optical coherence tomography
Optical coherence tomography (OCT) systems are fast scanning infrared Michelson interferometers designed for the non-invasive examination of the interiors of the eye and subsurface structures of biological tissues. OCT has recently been applied to the non-invasive examinations of the stratigraphy of paintings and museum artefacts. So far this is the only technique capable of imaging non-invasively the subsurface structure of paintings and painted objects. Unlike the traditional method of paint cross-section examination where sampling is required, the non-invasive and non-contact nature of the technique enables the examination of the paint cross-section anywhere on a painting, as there is no longer an issue with conservation ethics regarding the taking of samples from historical artefacts. A range of applications of the technique including the imaging of stratigraphy of paintings and painted artefacts, the imaging of underdrawings to the analysis of the optical properties of paint and varnish layers is presented. Future projects on the application of OCT to art conservation are discussed
Can Everett be Interpreted Without Extravaganza?
Everett's relative states interpretation of quantum mechanics has met with
problems related to probability, the preferred basis, and multiplicity. The
third theme, I argue, is the most important one. It has led to developments of
the original approach into many-worlds, many-minds, and decoherence-based
approaches. The latter especially have been advocated in recent years, in an
effort to understand multiplicity without resorting to what is often perceived
as extravagant constructions. Drawing from and adding to arguments of others, I
show that proponents of decoherence-based approaches have not yet succeeded in
making their ontology clear.Comment: Succinct analysis forthcoming in Found. Phy
Negative oxygen vacancies in HfO as charge traps in high-k stacks
We calculated the optical excitation and thermal ionization energies of
oxygen vacancies in m-HfO using atomic basis sets, a non-local density
functional and periodic supercell. The thermal ionization energies of
negatively charged V and V centres are consistent with values
obtained by the electrical measurements. The results suggest that negative
oxygen vacancies are the likely candidates for intrinsic electron traps in the
hafnum-based gate stack devices.Comment: 3 pages, 2 figure
Experiments with a Malkus-Lorenz water wheel: Chaos and Synchronization
We describe a simple experimental implementation of the Malkus-Lorenz water
wheel. We demonstrate that both chaotic and periodic behavior is found as wheel
parameters are changed in agreement with predictions from the Lorenz model. We
furthermore show that when the measured angular velocity of our water wheel is
used as an input signal to a computer model implementing the Lorenz equations,
high quality chaos synchronization of the model and the water wheel is
achieved. This indicates that the Lorenz equations provide a good description
of the water wheel dynamics.Comment: 12 pages, 7 figures. The following article has been accepted by the
American Journal of Physics. After it is published, it will be found at
http://scitation.aip.org/ajp
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