A Development Consensus reconciling the Beijing Model and Washington Consensus: Views and Agenda

Reconciling the two dominant development models of the Washington Consensus (WC) and Beijing Model (BM) remains a critical challenge in the literature. The challenge is even more demanding when emerging development paradigms like the Liberal Institutional Pluralism (LIP) and New Structural Economics (NSE) schools have to be integrated. While the latter has recognized both State and market failures but failed to provide a unified theory, the former has left the challenging concern of how institutional diversity matter in the development process. We synthesize perspectives from over 150 recently published papers on development and Sino-African relations in order to present the relevance of both the WC and BM in the long-term and short-run respectively. While the paper provides a unified theory by reconciling the WC and the BM to complement the NSE, it at the same time presents a case for economic rights and political rights as short-run and long-run development priorities respectively. By reconciling the WC with the BM, the study contributes at the same to macroeconomic NSE literature of unifying a development theory and to the LIP literature on institutional preferences with stages of development. Hence, the proposed reconciliation takes into account the structural and institutional realities of nations at difference stages of the process of development

North African Countries and Agricultural Trade Liberalization Under the Doha Round: Does a Top-Down Analysis Matters?

The countries of North Africa are characterized by a relatively high contribution of agriculture sector in their economies. At the same time, all the countries in the region are net agricultural importers. In this context, any potential agreement on agricultural trade liberalization under the Doha Round multilateral negotiations will raises world agricultural prices and could adversely affect the region. Although there are numerous studies on the impact of multilateral agricultural trade liberalization on North African countries, few studies have examined the impact of these global changes on the agricultural sector and on income distribution. Moreover, all the past studies use either global or country CGE models. This study attempts to address this gap in the literature. First, it combines the advantages of global and country models by linking the MIRAGE model to two countries dynamic CGE models built specially for this study. Second, we examine the distributional impact of agricultural trade liberalization in the two countries by integrating individually various household categories in both models. Our results show that drawing policy implications from global models for a specific country is completely misleading. In fact, while the results of the global model show that Tunisia will be winner and Morocco a loser from agricultural trade liberalization, the country models show a completely different picture. For both countries, results show that while the macroeconomic effects are relatively modest, all categories of households lose