30 research outputs found

    Telotristat ethyl in carcinoid syndrome: safety and efficacy in the TELECAST phase 3 trial

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    Telotristat ethyl, a tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, was efficacious and well tolerated in the phase 3 TELESTAR study in patients with carcinoid syndrome (CS) experiencing ≄4 bowel movements per day (BMs/day) while on somatostatin analogs (SSAs). TELECAST, a phase 3 companion study, assessed the safety and efficacy of telotristat ethyl in patients with CS (diarrhea, flushing, abdominal pain, nausea or elevated urinary 5-hydroxyindoleacetic acid (u5-HIAA)) with <4 BMs/day on SSAs (or ≄1 symptom or ≄4 BMs/day if not on SSAs) during a 12-week double-blind treatment period followed by a 36-week open-label extension (OLE). The primary safety and efficacy endpoints were incidence of treatment-emergent adverse events (TEAEs) and percent change from baseline in 24-h u5-HIAA at week 12. Patients (N = 76) were randomly assigned (1:1:1) to receive placebo or telotristat ethyl 250 mg or 500 mg 3 times per day (tid); 67 continued receiving telotristat ethyl 500 mg tid during the OLE. Through week 12, TEAEs were generally mild to moderate in severity; 5 (placebo), 1 (telotristat ethyl 250 mg) and 3 (telotristat ethyl 500 mg) patients experienced serious events, and the rate of TEAEs in the OLE was comparable. At week 12, significant reductions in u5-HIAA from baseline were observed, with Hodges–Lehmann estimators of median treatment differences from placebo of −54.0% (95% confidence limits, −85.0%, −25.1%, P < 0.001) and −89.7% (95% confidence limits, −113.1%, −63.9%, P < 0.001) for telotristat ethyl 250 mg and 500 mg. These results support the safety and efficacy of telotristat ethyl when added to SSAs in patients with CS diarrhea (ClinicalTrials.gov identifier: Nbib2063659)

    Understanding the Patient Experience with Carcinoid Syndrome: Exit Interviews from a Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Study of Telotristat Ethyl

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    Purpose: Telotristat ethyl, an oral tryptophan hydroxylase inhibitor, is intended to treat carcinoid syndrome by reducing serotonin production. Telotristat ethyl was evaluated in TELESTAR, a Phase III study for patients who had carcinoid syndrome with at least 4 bowel movements (BMs) per day and who were receiving somatostatin analogue therapy. This interview substudy was conducted to provide insight into the patient experience in TELESTAR and to help understand whether reductions in BM frequency (the primary end point) and other symptoms were clinically meaningful. Methods: Participating sites were asked to invite (before randomization) all eligible patients to telephone interviews scheduled at the end of the double-blind treatment period. Patients and interviewers were blinded to treatment. Findings: All 35 interviewed participants reported diarrhea and/or excessive BMs at baseline. Patients reported that these symptoms negatively affected emotional, social, physical, and occupational well-being. Prespecified criteria for treatment response (achieving ≄ 30% reduction in BM frequency for at least 50% of the days) were met by 8 of 26 patients taking telotristat ethyl and 1 of 9 patients taking placebo. All 8 patients taking telotristat ethyl described clinically meaningful reductions in BM frequency and were very satisfied with the ability of the study drug to control their carcinoid syndrome symptoms. Overall, reports of being very satisfied were observed in 12 patients taking telotristat ethyl and 0 taking placebo. Implications: Patient interviews revealed that TELESTAR patients, at baseline, were significantly affected by their high BM frequency. Patient reports of their clinical trial experience supported the significance of the primary end point and clinical responder analysis in TELESTAR, helping identify and understand clinically meaningful change produced by telotristat ethyl

    Untersuchung zur Funktion der regulatorischen Untereinheiten p50α, p55α und p85α der Phosphoinositid-3-Kinase in der beta-Zell-Linie INS-1E

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    Die von der Phosphoinositid-3-Kinase (PI3-Kinase) beeinflussten intrazellulĂ€ren Signalwege sind fĂŒr vielfĂ€ltige Funktionen verantwortlich, darunter die Regulation der Glukoseaufnahme, die Synthese von Glykogen, die Förderung von Proteinsynthese und Zellproliferation, die Verhinderung der Apoptose sowie Regulation von ExozytosevorgĂ€ngen. Aktiviert wird die Phosphoinositid-3-Kinase nach Ligandenbindung an Insulin- oder IGF-1-Rezeptoren, die ĂŒber phosphorylierte IRS-Proteine mit ihr interagieren. Sie ist ein funktioneller Heterodimer und besteht aus einer regulatorischen und einer katalytischen Untereinheit, von denen jeweils mehrere Isoformen bekannt sind. Die in dieser Arbeit untersuchten regulatorischen Untereinheiten p85α, p55α und p50α sind Produkte des Pik3r1-Gens. FĂŒr verschiedene Zellmodelle sind fĂŒr diese sowohl positive als auch negative Rollen in der AktivitĂ€tsregulation der katalytischen Untereinheit beschrieben. Da VerĂ€nderungen des PI3-Kinase-Signalweges in der ÎČ-Zelle des Pankreas bei der Entstehung von Diabetes mellitus eine Rolle spielen, untersuchten wir die Funktionen dieser drei Untereinheiten in der ÎČ-Zelllinie INS1E der Ratte. In INS1E-Zellen konnten wir sowohl die regulatorischen Untereinheiten p50α, p55α und p85α als auch die katalytischen Untereinheiten nachweisen. Die zweifache Überexpression der regulatorischen Untereinheiten durch adenoviralen Gentransfer hemmte die Aktivierung der Proteinkinase B, wĂ€hrend eine siRNA-induzierte Unterexpression von p85α die Aktivierung der PI3-Kinase und Proteinkinase B steigerte. Überexpression von p55α reduzierte die Menge an phosphorylierter und nicht-phosphorylierter Glykogen-Synthase-Kinase 3, förderte hingegen nicht die Phosphorylierung von p38 MAPK, p44/42 ERK oder Retinoblastom-Protein, im Gegensatz zu den beiden ĂŒberexprimierten Untereinheiten p50α und p85α. VerĂ€nderungen des VerhĂ€ltnisses von regulatorischen und katalytischen Untereinheiten hatten einen deutlichen Einfluss auf die Zellzyklusregulation. Überexpression von p50α und p85α fĂŒhrten zu einem starken Anstieg der S-Phase, im Gegensatz zu p55α, was auf eine abweichende Rolle von p55α in der Signaltransduktion der ÎČ-Zelle, im Gegensatz zu den anderen Pik3r1-Genprodukten, hindeutet. Die Funktionen der regulatorischen Untereinheiten der PI3-Kinase wurden bisher hauptsĂ€chlich in insulinsensitiven Geweben untersucht. Dort reduzieren die Untereinheiten p50α, p55α und p85α in Ă€hnlicher Weise die AktivitĂ€t der PI3-Kinase und der Proteinkinase B, wenn sie im Überschuss vorliegen. Die Daten der vorliegenden Arbeit zeigen Unterschiede in Signaltransduktion und Zellzyklusregulation fĂŒr p55α in der ÎČ-Zelle und deuten eine Sonderrolle an, die ĂŒber verschiedene Interaktionen vermittelt sein könnte

    Rap1 als zentrale Schaltstelle GLP-1 regulierter, mitogener Signalwege in pankreatischen beta-Zellen

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    Ein wichtiger Faktor in der Pathogenese des Diabetes mellitus Typ 2 ist die Dysfunktion der pankreatischen beta-Zellen, die zum einen durch eine funktionelle Störung und zum anderen durch einen Verlust von Betazellmasse gekennzeichnet ist. Das Inkretinhormon "glucagon-like peptide-1"[GLP-1] besitzt neben seinen blutzuckersenkenden Eigenschaften auch die FĂ€higkeit, durch wachstumsfaktorĂ€hnliche Wirkung die pankreatische beta-Zellmasse zu expandieren. Dieser Effekt wird durch die Dosis- und Glukose-abhĂ€ngige Stimulation der drei wichtigsten mitogenen Signaltransduktionsmodule cAMP/PKA, PI3K/PKB und ERK1/2 MAPK ĂŒber die Aktivierung des G-Protein gekoppelten GLP-1 Rezeptors vermittelt. Eine Besonderheit endokriner Zellen ist, dass der ERK1/2 MAPK-Komplex vor allem ĂŒber die GTPase Rap1 und nicht durch den Prototyp der kleinen GTPasen Ras aktiviert wird. Diese Promotionsarbeit untersucht die RegulationsmodalitĂ€ten der GTPase Rap1, die VerknĂŒpfung der einzelnen Signaltransduktionsmodule und neue Elemente in der GLP-1-regulierten Signaltransduktion in pankreatischen beta-Zellen. Hierzu wurden INS 1E Zellen als beta-Zellmodell mit Glukose und GLP-1 stimuliert und nach DurchfĂŒhrung von ImmunprĂ€zipitationen die Bindungspartner von Rap1 ermittelt. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass der konstitutiv aktive RapGEF C3G Rap1 in AbhĂ€ngigkeit vom Phosphorylierungszustand des Adapterproteins Crk II aktiviert. Crk II wird unter Glukose und GLP-1 Stimulation vermindert phosphoryliert und ermöglicht vermutlich durch eine KonformationsĂ€nderung die C3G-vermittelte ÜberfĂŒhrung von Rap1 in den GTP-gebundenen Zustand (" on"). So findet sich eine signifikant abgeschwĂ€chte Aktivierung des Transkriptionsfaktors Elk-1 in C3G CBR transfizierten INS 1E Zellen, in denen die regulĂ€re Proteinbindung zwischen C3G und Crk II gestört ist. Weitere Untersuchungen ergaben, dass die Signaltransduktionsmodule ERK1/2 MAPK und PI3K/PKB ĂŒber Rap1 und IRS2 in einem Komplex verbunden sind und dass der PI3K/PKB Signaltransduktionsweg unter GLP-1 Stimulation verstĂ€rkt aktiviert wird. Dieser Effekt wird vermutlich durch die dargestellte gesteigerte Interaktion von Rap1 mit IRS2 gefördert. Als neue Elemente in GLP-1 regulierter Signaltransduktion konnte Pyk2, eine rezeptorunabhĂ€ngige Tyrosinkinase, und Shc, ein weiteres Adapterprotein, identifiziert werden. Unsere Untersuchungen deuten darauf hin, dass Pyk2 ĂŒber das Adapterprotein IRS2 Einfluss auf die PI3K/PKB Signaltransduktionskaskade nimmt. Den Stellenwert, den Pyk2 bzw. Shc in dem ERK1/2 MAPK-Komplex einnehmen, bleibt beim derzeitigen Kenntnisstand unklar, allerdings sind hier neue Ausgangspunkte fĂŒr weitere Untersuchungen von GLP-1 abhĂ€ngiger mitogener Signaltransduktion geschaffen worden. Die Erkenntnissse ĂŒber die Bedeutung von Rap1 und den Einfluß von Adapterproteinen auf diese GTPase in den GLP-1 abhĂ€ngigen mitogenen Signaltransduktionskaskaden, ermöglicht die Entwicklung neuer Strategien zur in vitro / in vivo Expansion von beta-Zellen als Therapieoption des Diabetes mellitus

    FPT algorithms for packing k-safe spanning rooted sub(di)graphs

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    International audienceWe study three problems introduced by Bang-Jensen and Yeo [Theor. Comput. Sci. 2015] and by Bang-Jensen, Havet, and Yeo [Discret. Appl. Math. 2016] about finding disjoint "balanced" spanning rooted substructures in graphs and digraphs, which generalize classic packing problems such as detecting the existence of mutiple arc-disjoint spanning arborescences. Namely, given a positive integer k, a digraph D = (V, A), and a root r ∈ V , we first consider the problem of finding two arc-disjoint k-safe spanning r-arborescences, meaning arborescences rooted at a vertex r such that deleting any arc rv and every vertex in the sub-arborescence rooted at v leaves at least k vertices. Then, we consider the problem of finding two arc-disjoint (r, k)-flow branchings meaning arc sets admitting a flow that distributes one unit from r to every other vertex while respecting a capacity limit of n-k on every arc. We show that both these problems are FPT with parameter k, improving on existing XP algorithms. The latter of these results answers a question of Bang-Jensen, Havet, and Yeo [Discret. Appl. Math. 2016]. Further, given a positive integer k, a graph G = (V, E), and r ∈ V , we consider the problem of finding two edge-disjoint (r, k)-safe spanning trees meaning spanning trees such that the component containing r has size at least k when deleting any vertex different from r. We show that this problem is also FPT with parameter k, again improving on a previous XP algorithm. Our main technical contribution is to prove that the existence of such spanning substructures is equivalent to the existence of substructures with size and maximum (out-)degree both bounded by a (linear or quadratic) function of k, which may be of independent interest

    Neoadjuvant peptide receptor radionuclide therapy for an inoperable neuroendocrine pancreatic tumor

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    Pancreatic endocrine tumors are rare but are among the most common neuroendocrine neoplasms of the abdomen. At diagnosis many of them are already advanced and difficult to treat. We report on an initially inoperable malignant pancreatic endocrine tumor in a 33-year-old woman, who received neoadjuvant peptide receptor radionuclide therapy (PRRT) as first-line treatment. This resulted in a significant downstaging of the tumor and allowed its subsequent complete surgical removal. Follow-up for eighteen months revealed a complete remission. This is the first report on neoadjuvant PRRT in a neuroendocrine neoplasm with subsequent successful complete resection

    BRAF

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    ENETS standardized (synoptic) reporting for neuroendocrine tumour pathology

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    In recent years the WHO classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) has evolved. Nomenclature as well as thresholds for grading have changed leading to potential confusion and lack of comparability of tumour reports. Therefore, the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) has set-up an interdisciplinary working group to develop templates for a pathology data set for standardised reporting of NEN. Experts of various disciplines, members of the ENETS Advisory Board, formed a taskforce that discussed and decided on the structure, content and the number of templates needed for reporting the most common NEN. The selection of the required items was based on the WHO classification of digestive system tumours, the WHO classification of tumours of the lung and mediastinum and on “ENETS standard of care” reports. The final proposal of the working group was approved by the ENETS Advisory Board. Templates for synoptic reporting were created for the seven most common NEN primary sites, that is, stomach, duodenum, jejunum-ileum, appendix, colon-rectum, pancreas, lung and mediastinum. In addition, a general template for reporting biopsies was designed. The templates allow the recording of the essential items on differentiation, proliferation (Ki-67 and mitosis), neuroendocrine features (positivity for chromogranin A and synaptophysin) and stage as well as several optional markers especially helpful for the distinction of neuroendocrine tumours (NET) from neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC). In summary, this paper presents the content and development of synoptic reports for most sites of NEN by a multidisciplinary team of international experts in the field, which could help to improve unambiguous reporting of NEN

    ENETS standardized (synoptic) reporting for neuroendocrine tumour pathology.

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    In recent years the WHO classification of neuroendocrine neoplasms (NEN) has evolved. Nomenclature as well as thresholds for grading have changed leading to potential confusion and lack of comparability of tumour reports. Therefore, the European Neuroendocrine Tumour Society (ENETS) has set-up an interdisciplinary working group to develop templates for a pathology data set for standardised reporting of NEN. Experts of various disciplines, members of the ENETS Advisory Board, formed a taskforce that discussed and decided on the structure, content and the number of templates needed for reporting the most common NEN. The selection of the required items was based on the WHO classification of digestive system tumours, the WHO classification of tumours of the lung and mediastinum and on "ENETS standard of care" reports. The final proposal of the working group was approved by the ENETS Advisory Board. Templates for synoptic reporting were created for the seven most common NEN primary sites, that is, stomach, duodenum, jejunum-ileum, appendix, colon-rectum, pancreas, lung and mediastinum. In addition, a general template for reporting biopsies was designed. The templates allow the recording of the essential items on differentiation, proliferation (Ki-67 and mitosis), neuroendocrine features (positivity for chromogranin A and synaptophysin) and stage as well as several optional markers especially helpful for the distinction of neuroendocrine tumours (NET) from neuroendocrine carcinomas (NEC). In summary, this paper presents the content and development of synoptic reports for most sites of NEN by a multidisciplinary team of international experts in the field, which could help to improve unambiguous reporting of NEN
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