302 research outputs found
Does sleep affect weight gain? Assessing subjective sleep and polysomnography measures in a population-based cohort study (CoLaus/HypnoLaus).
Although several studies have linked short and long sleep duration to weight gain, mixed results exist. Contrarily, few studies associated objectively measured sleep characteristics with weight gain. We investigated the association between several sleep characteristics measured by questionnaire and polysomnography with prospective weight gain in a population-based, middle-aged cohort.
Three samples were analyzed: sample 1 (n = 2551, 47.3% men, 56.9 ± 10.3 years) had data for subjective sleep characteristics, sample 2 (n = 1422, 49.4% men, 57.6 ± 10.4 years) had objective sleep assessment (polysomnography), and sample 3 consisting of 1259 subjects included in both samples. Multivariable logistic regressions were performed to assess the relationship between sleep characteristics and ≥5 kg weight gain during a median follow-up of 5.3 years.
In both study samples, 12% of the subjects gained ≥5 kg during follow-up. Multivariable analyses showed poor subjective sleep quality (as assessed by Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index: odds ratio [95% confidence interval] = 1.54 [1.19 to 1.99]), percentage of sleep spent in stage 2 (1.32 [1.10 to 1.58]), and less than 90% oxygen saturation (SpO2 < 90) (1.23 [1.07 to 1.41]); moderate/severe Oxygen Desaturation Index (1.70 [1.01 to 2.85]) and autonomic arousal duration (1.22 [1.02 to 1.45]) were related to ≥5 kg weight gain. Only poor subjective sleep quality was robustly associated with weight gain in all sensitivity analyses, except in female subsamples.
Poor subjective sleep quality, and to some extent moderate to severe oxygen desaturation, but no other sleep characteristics, were robustly associated with weight gain. Future studies should confirm the relationship between sleep quality and weight gain, assess sex differences, and investigate underlying mechanisms
Impurity effects in few-electron quantum dots: Incipient Wigner molecule regime
Numerically exact path-integral Monte Carlo data are presented for
strongly interacting electrons confined in a 2D parabolic quantum dot,
including a defect to break rotational symmetry. Low densities are studied,
where an incipient Wigner molecule forms. A single impurity is found to cause
drastic effects: (1) The standard shell-filling sequence with magic numbers
, corresponding to peaks in the addition energy , is
destroyed, with a new peak at N=8, (2) spin gaps decrease,
(3) for N=8, sub-Hund's rule spin S=0 is induced, and (4) spatial ordering of
the electrons becomes rather sensitive to spin. We also comment on the recently
observed bunching phenomenon.Comment: 7 pages, 1 table, 4 figures, accepted for publication in Europhysics
Letter
The quantized Hall conductance of a single atomic wire: A proposal based on synthetic dimensions
We propose a method by which the quantization of the Hall conductance can be
directly measured in the transport of a one-dimensional atomic gas. Our
approach builds on two main ingredients: (1) a constriction optical potential,
which generates a mesoscopic channel connected to two reservoirs, and (2) a
time-periodic modulation of the channel, specifically designed to generate
motion along an additional synthetic dimension. This fictitious dimension is
spanned by the harmonic-oscillator modes associated with the tightly-confined
channel, and hence, the corresponding "lattice sites" are intimately related to
the energy of the system. We analyze the quantum transport properties of this
hybrid two-dimensional system, highlighting the appealing features offered by
the synthetic dimension. In particular, we demonstrate how the energetic nature
of the synthetic dimension, combined with the quasi-energy spectrum of the
periodically-driven channel, allows for the direct and unambiguous observation
of the quantized Hall effect in a two-reservoir geometry. Our work illustrates
how topological properties of matter can be accessed in a minimal
one-dimensional setup, with direct and practical experimental consequences.
Conductance quantization and snake states in graphene magnetic waveguides
We consider electron waveguides (quantum wires) in graphene created by
suitable inhomogeneous magnetic fields. The properties of uni-directional snake
states are discussed. For a certain magnetic field profile, two spatially
separated counter-propagating snake states are formed, leading to conductance
quantization insensitive to backscattering by impurities or irregularities of
the magnetic field.Comment: 5 pages, 4 figures, final version accepted as Rapid Comm. in PR
Ladder approximation to spin velocities in quantum wires
The spin sector of charge-spin separated single mode quantum wires is
studied, accounting for realistic microscopic electron-electron interactions.
We utilize the ladder approximation (LA) to the interaction vertex and exploit
thermodynamic relations to obtain spin velocities. Down to not too small
carrier densities our results compare well with existing quantum Monte-Carlo
(QMC) data. Analyzing second order diagrams we identify logarithmically
divergent contributions as crucial which the LA includes but which are missed,
for example, by the self-consistent Hartree-Fock approximation. Contrary to
other approximations the LA yields a non-trivial spin conductance. Its
considerably smaller computational effort compared to numerically exact
methods, such as the QMC method, enables us to study overall dependences on
interaction parameters. We identify the short distance part of the interaction
to govern spin sector properties.Comment: 6 pages, 6 figures, to appear in Physical Review
Bosonization of strongly interacting electrons
Strong repulsive interactions in a one-dimensional electron system suppress
the exchange coupling J of electron spins to a value much smaller than the
Fermi energy E_F. The conventional theoretical description of such systems
based on the bosonization approach and the concept of Tomonaga-Luttinger liquid
is applicable only at energies below J. In this paper we develop a theoretical
approach valid at all energies below the Fermi energy, including a broad range
of energies between J and E_F. The method involves bosonization of the charge
degrees of freedom, while the spin excitations are treated exactly. We use this
technique to calculate the spectral functions of strongly interacting electron
systems at energies in the range J<<epsilon<< E_F$. We show that in addition to
the expected features at the wavevector k near the Fermi point k_F, the
spectral function has a strong peak centered at k=0. Our theory also provides
analytical description of the spectral function singularities near 3k_F (the
"shadow band" features).Comment: 21 pages, 4 figure
Chiral interface states in p-n graphene junctions
We present a theoretical analysis of unidirectional interface states which form near p−n junctions in a graphene monolayer subject to a homogeneous magnetic field. The semiclassical limit of these states corresponds to trajectories propagating along the p−n interface by a combined skipping-snaking motion. Studying the two-dimensional Dirac equation with a magnetic field and an electrostatic potential step, we provide and discuss the exact and essentially analytical solution of the quantum-mechanical eigenproblem for both a straight and a circularly shaped junction. The spectrum consists of localized Landau-like and unidirectional snaking-skipping interface states, where we always find at least one chiral interface state. For a straight junction and at energies near the Dirac point, when increasing the potential step height, the group velocity of this state interpolates in an oscillatory manner between the classical drift velocity in a crossed electromagnetic field and the semiclassical value expected for a purely snaking motion. Away from the Dirac point, chiral interface states instead resemble the conventional skipping (edge-type) motion found also in the corresponding Schrödinger case. We also investigate the circular geometry, where chiral interface states are predicted to induce sizable equilibrium ring currents
How Are Sleep Characteristics Related to Cardiovascular Health? Results From the Population-Based HypnoLaus study.
Background Although sleep characteristics have been linked to cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular risk factors, the association between sleep characteristics measured by polysomnography and cardiovascular health ( CVH ) remains unknown. Methods and Results In a population-based sample (n=1826), sleep characteristics were assessed by both sleep questionnaires and polysomnography. Global, behavioral, and biological CVH were defined according to the American Heart Association. Multinomial logistic regressions were performed to estimate relative risk ratios and 95% CI . Strong dose-response associations were found between all oxygen saturation-related variables (oxygen desaturation index, mean oxygen saturation, and percentage of total sleep time spent under 90% oxygen saturation) and obstructive sleep apnea (severity categories and apnea/hypopnea index) and global, behavioral, and biological CVH . Mean oxygen saturation had the strongest positive association (relative risk ratios 1.31 [ CI 1.22-1.41]; 1.78 [ CI 1.55-2.04] for intermediate relative to ideal CVH ), and oxygen desaturation index had the strongest negative association (relative risk ratios 0.71 [ CI 0.65-0.78]; 0.45 [ CI 0.34-0.58] for intermediate relative to ideal CVH ) with global CVH , and these associations were also the most robust in sensitivity analyses. The impacts of sleep architecture and sleep fragmentation were less consistent. Conclusions Mean oxygen saturation, oxygen desaturation index, and apnea/hypopnea index were associated with CVH . Conversely, most variables related to sleep architecture and sleep fragmentation were not consistently related to CVH . Sleep-disordered breathing and the associated oxygen (de)saturation were associated with CVH more strongly than with sleep fragmentation
Effective charge-spin models for quantum dots
It is shown that at low densities, quantum dots with few electrons may be
mapped onto effective charge-spin models for the low-energy eigenstates. This
is justified by defining a lattice model based on a many-electron pocket-state
basis in which electrons are localised near their classical ground-state
positions. The equivalence to a single-band Hubbard model is then established
leading to a charge-spin () model which for most geometries reduces to a
spin (Heisenberg) model. The method is refined to include processes which
involve cyclic rotations of a ``ring'' of neighboring electrons. This is
achieved by introducing intermediate lattice points and the importance of ring
processes relative to pair-exchange processes is investigated using high-order
degenerate perturbation theory and the WKB approximation. The energy spectra
are computed from the effective models for specific cases and compared with
exact results and other approximation methods.Comment: RevTex, 24 pages, 7 figures submitted as compressed and PostScript
file
Tools of market researches on the internet
In article the offline and on-line tools of carrying out market researches on the Internet are discussed. The author has emphasized advantages and shortcomings of each of tools, and also has proved need of their use
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