59 research outputs found
Boosting capacitive blue-energy and desalination devices with waste heat
We show that sustainably harvesting 'blue' energy from the spontaneous mixing
process of fresh and salty water can be boosted by varying the water
temperature during a capacitive mixing process. Our modified Poisson-Boltzmann
calculations predict a strong temperature dependence of the electrostatic
potential of a charged electrode in contact with an adjacent aqueous 1:1
electrolyte. We propose to exploit this dependence to boost the efficiency of
capacitive blue engines, which are based on cyclically charging and discharging
nanoporous supercapacitors immersed in salty and fresh water, respectively [D.
Brogioli, Phys. Rev. Lett. 103, 058501 (2009)]. We show that the energy output
of blue engines can be increased by a factor of order two if warm
(waste-heated) fresh water is mixed with cold sea water. Moreover, the
underlying physics can also be used to optimize the reverse process of
capacitive desalination of water
Dense ionic fluids confined in planar capacitors: in- and out-of-plane structure from classical density functional theory
The ongoing scientific interest in the properties and structure of electric
double layers (EDLs) stems from their pivotal role in (super)capacitive energy
storage, energy harvesting, and water treatment technologies. Classical density
functional theory (DFT) is a promising framework for the study of the in- and
out-of-plane structural properties of double layers. Supported by molecular
dynamics simulations, we demonstrate the adequate performance of DFT for
analyzing charge layering in the EDL perpendicular to the electrodes. We
discuss charge storage and capacitance of the EDL and the impact of screening
due to dielectric solvents. We further calculate, for the first time, the
in-plane structure of the EDL within the framework of DFT. While our
out-of-plane results already hint at structural in-plane transitions inside the
EDL, which have been observed recently in simulations and experiments, our DFT
approach performs poorly in predicting in-plane structure in comparison to
simulations. However, our findings isolate fundamental issues in the
theoretical description of the EDL within the primitive model and point towards
limitations in the performance of DFT in describing the out-of-plane structure
of the EDL at high concentrations and potentials
In-plane structure of the electric double layer in the primitive model using classical density functional theory
The electric double layer (EDL) has a pivotal role in screening charges on
surfaces as in supercapacitor electrodes or colloidal and polymer solutions.
Its structure is determined by correlations between the finite-sized ionic
charge carriers of the underlying electrolyte and, this way, these correlations
affect the properties of the EDL and of applications utilizing EDLs. We study
the structure of EDLs within classical density functional theory (DFT) in order
to uncover whether a structural transition in the first layer of the EDL that
is driven by changes in the surface potential depends on specific particle
interactions or has a general footing. This transition has been found in
full-atom simulations. Thus far, investigating the in-plane structure of the
EDL for the primitive model (PM) using DFT proved a challenge. We show here
that the use of an appropriate functional predicts the in-plane structure of
EDLs in excellent agreement with molecular dynamics (MD) simulations. This
provides the playground to investigate how the structure factor within a layer
parallel to a charged surface changes as function of both the applied surface
potential and its separation from the surface. We discuss pitfalls in properly
defining an in-plane structure factor and fully map out the structure of the
EDL within the PM for a wide range of electrostatic electrode potentials.
However, we do not find any signature of a structural crossover and conclude
that the previously reported effect is not fundamental but rather occurs due to
the specific force field of ions used in the simulations
Differently Shaped Hard Body Colloids in Confinement: From passive to active particles
We review recent progress in the theoretical description of anisotropic hard
colloidal particles. The shapes considered range from rods and dumbbells to
rounded cubes, polyhedra and to biaxial particles with arbitrary shape. Our
focus is on both static and dynamical density functional theory and on computer
simulations. We describe recent results for the structure, dynamics and phase
behaviour in the bulk and in various confining geometries, e.g. established by
two parallel walls which reduce the dimensionality of the system to two
dimensions. We also include recent theoretical modelling for active particles,
which are autonomously driven by some intrinsic motor, and highlight their
fascinating nonequilibrium dynamics and collective behaviour.Comment: 15 pages, 6 figures, EPJ ST (accepted
Reversible heat production during electric double layer buildup depends sensitively on the electrolyte and its reservoir
Several modern technologies for energy storage and conversion are based on
the screening of electric charge on the surface of porous electrodes by ions in
an adjacent electrolyte. This so-called electric double layer (EDL) exhibits an
intricate interplay with the electrolyte's temperature that was the focus of
several recent studies. In one of them, Janssen et al. [Phys. Rev. Lett. 119,
166002 (2017)] experimentally determined the ratio
of reversible eat flowing into a
supercapacitor during an isothermal charging process and the electric work
applied therein. To rationalize that data, here, we determine
within different models of the EDL using
theoretical approaches like density functional theory (DFT) as well as
molecular dynamics simulations. Applying mainly the restricted primitive model,
we find quantitative support for a speculation of Janssen et al. that steric
ion interactions are key to the ratio .
Here, we identified the entropic contribution of certain DFT functionals, which
grants direct access to the reversible heat. We further demonstrate how
changes when calculated in different
thermodynamic ensembles and processes. We show that the experiments of Janssen
et al. are explained best by a charging process at fixed bulk density, or in a
"semi-canonical" system. Finally, we find that
significantly depends on parameters as
pore and ion size, salt concentration, and valencies of the cat- and anions of
the electrolyte. Our findings can guide further heat production measurements
and can be applied in studies on, for instance, nervous conduction, where
reversible heat is a key element.Comment: 15 pages, 8 figures. This article appeared in J. Chem. Phys. 154,
064901 (2021) and may be found at https://doi.org/10.1063/5.003721
Специальная мониторинговая миссия ОБСЕ в Украине: работа СММ на Донбассе и ее украинская критика в 2014-2019 гг.
Статья состоит из четырех частей. В первой части анализируется мандат СММ и его ограничения, а также некоторые дебаты о возможных расширениях или альтернативах Миссии. Во второй части освещаются специфический характер и последующие вызовы СММ по сравнению с другими миссиями ОБСЕ. В третьей части обсуждается вопрос об эффективности деятельности Миссии с разграничением позитивных и критических оценок наблюдателей с течением времени. В четвертой и последней части приводится краткий анализ влияниятрех основных участников конфликта - Российской Федерации, Украины и представителей двух донбасских де-факто образований (т. н. "ДНР" и "ЛНР") - на деятельность СММ. В заключении мы извлекаем некоторые предварительные уроки для будущего подобного рода мисси
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