BIOMECHANICAL MODEL OF BICYCLIST AND NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF BIKE ACCIDENT IN ASPECT OF CONSEQUENCES FOR HUMAN CERVICAL SPINE

Modelling researches concerning falling down man on the head during bicycle accident and its consequences for human cervical spine are presented in this paper. Studies mainly focus on compression, flexion and extension injuries mechanisms which appear during human body movement in saggital plane. The interaction with environment, the human body behaviour, inertial and external forces have a significant influence on type and scale of spine injuries. In order to analyse correlation between head movement and physical phenomena in the neck, two dimensional dynamical model was created using Working Model 2D professional system. The model allows to analyse internal forces which appear insight human spine and body kinematics in saggital plane. Moreover created model could be used to analysing movement of diving man into shallow water. Research results of numerical simulations allowed to qualitatively estimating the most dangerous conditions for people falling down on the head during bike accident and during jumping into shallow water

THE NUMERICAL ANALYSIS OF HUMAN BODY MOVEMENT DURING FALLS AND SPINE RESPONSE IN CONTACT SPORTS

This paper presents modelling process and numerical analysis of human body behaviour during accidents in contact sports and its consequences for human cervical and lumbar spine. The researches contain creation of model which enables human body motion analysis in a situation corresponding to real falls with simultaneous analysis of internal physiological phenomena in human spine. The model of falling man was created using Working Model 2D program and used to numerical analysis of human motion in frontal plane under dynamical loading corresponding to falls in sport

Lower Leg Injury Mechanism Investigation During an IED Blast Under a Vehicle Using an Anatomic Leg Model

Attacks with improvised explosive device (IED) constituted the main threat to, for example, Polish soldiers in Iraq and Afghanistan. Improving safety during transport in an armored vehicle has become an important issue. The main purpose of the presented research is to investigate the mechanism of lower leg injuries during explosion under an armored vehicle. Using a numerical anatomic model of the lower leg, the analysis of the leg position was carried out. In all presented positions, the stress limit of 160 (MPa) was reached, which indicates bone damage. There is a difference in stress distribution in anatomic elements pointing to different injury mechanisms

The Influence of Bone Bruises on Bone Tunnel Enlargement Regarding ACL Rupture

Purpose: The purpose was to determine the impact of the size of bone bruises (BBs) on bone tunnel enlargement (BTE) occurrence. Materials and methods: Twenty-four (24) patients who underwent anterior cruciate ligament reconstruction (ACLR) were included in this retrospective study. The measurements of BBs based on the initial MRI scan, bone tunnel size based on the control MRI scan, and the spatial determination of BB in relation to the bone tunnel location were evaluated. To analyze the relationship between BBs and BTE in homogeneous groups regarding the time from injury to ACLR (t(I-S)), the largest subgroup B (n = 15), in which t(I-S) was 31 to 60 days, was isolated for further investigation. Results: Based on subgroup B, a weak correlation (r = 0.33) existed between the BB volume and BTE size in the femur and tibia. Considering the relationship between the distance from the BB to the bone tunnel in the femur (f-l) and its enlargement (Δfd), there was a moderate and statistically significant (p < 0.05) negative correlation (r = −0.64). The correlation between those parameters was even stronger (r = −0.77) in subgroup B (time interval between injury and surgery ranged from 31 to 60 days). Conclusions: A retrospective analysis of MRI data in patients after ACL reconstruction surgery showed a relevant association between the distance from the BB to the bone tunnel and BTE in the femur. The relationship was not confirmed in the tibia

Evaluation of the strength properties of materials intended for tracheobronchial tubes

The desire to increase the comfort of patients and to continue production despite the decreasing amount of available materials on the market has led to the constant search for novel materials that could be used to obtain tracheobronchial tubes. The aim of this study is to determine the mechanical properties of a new thermoplastic elastomer. Two materials - the thermoplastic elastomer and the natural rubber were subjected to three tests: static tensile test, static compression test and static three-point bending test. During the static tensile test, samples of the tested materials were examined, and during the next two examinations, the final products. The materials underwent the processes of sterilization, hydrolytic degradation and degradation by oxidation. The treated samples were also tested in order to compare the obtained results. The mechanical properties of the tested materials improved both after the hydrolytic degradation and oxidative degradation, as well as after the sterilization process. Yet the thermoplastic elastomer revealed a more noticeable increase. The elastomer hardening is a positive phenomenon potentially leading to fewer accidental closures of the tubes cross-section. Both the sterilization process and various degradation methods improved the mechanical properties by strengthening the tested materials. This phenomenon seems to be desirable to avoid the closure of the implemented tube during its application

Finite element head model for the crew injury assessment in a light armoured vehicle

Purpose: The aim of this paper was the development of a finite element model of the soldier’s head to assess injuries suffered by soldiers during blast under a light armoured vehicle. Methods: The application of a multibody wheeled armoured vehicle model, including the crew and their equipment, aenabled the researchers to analyse the most dangerous scenarios of the head injury. These scenarios have been selected for a detailed analysis using the finite element head model which allowed for the examination of dynamic effects on individual head structures. In this paper, the authors described stages of the development of the anatomical finite element head model. Results: The results of the simulations made it possible to assess parameters determining the head injury of the soldier during the IED explosion. The developed model allows the determination of the parameters of stress, strain and pressure acting on the structures of the human head. Conclusion: In future studies, the model will be used to carry out simulations which will improve the construction of the headgear in order to minimize the possibility of the head injury

Innovations in Biomedical Engineering 2016

This book presents the proceedings of the “Innovations in Biomedical Engineering IBE’2016” Conference held on October 16–18, 2016 in Poland, discussing recent research on innovations in biomedical engineering. The past decade has seen the dynamic development of more and more sophisticated technologies, including biotechnologies, and more general technologies applied in the area of life sciences. As such the book covers the broadest possible spectrum of subjects related to biomedical engineering innovations. Divided into four parts, it presents state-of-the-art achievements in: • engineering of biomaterials, • modelling and simulations in biomechanics, • informatics in medicine • signal analysis The book helps bridge the gap between technological and methodological engineering achievements on the one hand and clinical requirements in the three major areas diagnosis, therapy and rehabilitation on the other

Effects of an abdominal drawing-in manoeuvre on stabilometric and gait parameters in adults: a pilot study

Introduction. To our knowledge, no studies have checked the effect of the abdominal drawing-in maneuver (ADIM) on gait and stabilometric parameters in lower back pain (LBP) and pain-free subjects Aim. To assess the effect of sustained ADIM on a) gait pattern and b) stabilometric parameters with opened eyes and closed eyes in an adult population. Material and Methods. A group of 20 adults were invited to participate in the study. The Oswestry Disability Index was used for assessing LBP. Gait analysis was performed on a treadmill ZEBRIS FDM-T. The static balance assessment was performed on a stabilometric platform ZEBRIS FDM-S. Results. There were no significant differences in all tests conducted on the stabilometric platform. Results of gait analysis showed between-group differences in the main effect of group (Non-LBP vs. LBP) for the difference in maximal vertical ground reaction force during the terminal stance (GRFts). The mean GRFts value in the Non-LBP group was greater by 14.8 N (95% CI 9.55–20.1) compared with the LBP group (Table 3). Conclusions. ADIM has no immediate effects on selected stabilometric and gait parameters in the study group. No effect was seen in subjects with and without pain during the examination

Balance assessment in selected stages of Parkinson’s disease using trend change analysis

Abstract Background Balance disorders in patients diagnosed with Parkinson’s disease (PD) are associated with a change in balance-keeping strategy and reflex disorders which regulate the maintenance of vertical body posture. Center of foot pressure (COP) displacement signals were analyzed during quiet standing experiments to define such changes. The research aimed to apply stock exchange indices based on the trend change analyses to the assessment of a level of the Parkinson disease progression on the grounds of the analysis of the COP signals. Methods 30 patients in two stages of PD, 40 elderly participants, and 20 individuals at a young age were studied. Each person was subjected to 3 measurements with open and closed eyes. A technical analysis of the COP displacement signal was performed, and the following quantities were determined: indices related to the number of trend changes (TCI), indices defining a mean time (TCI_dT), and mean displacement (TCI_dS) and mean velocity (TCI_dV) between such changes. Results The results indicate a higher TCI value for PD than for aged-matched control group (p < 0.05). In the case of PD patients, there was also an increase in the TCI_dS value by 2–5 mm, which mainly contributed to the increase in TCI_dV. Statistically significant differences for the TCI_dT values occurred between all groups in which differences in the average COP velocity were noted. Conclusions The TCI and TCI_dV results obtained for the healthy participants enabled the development of indices supporting PD diagnostics. The causes of the TCI_dV changes in patients were determined, i.e., whether they resulted from an increase in the TCI_dT or TCI_dS between the moments of trend changes indicated by the developed algorithm. The developed methodology provides new information on the impact of PD on the strategy of maintaining balance, which was impossible to obtain using currently used analyses. Trial registration The conducted research is an observational study and does not include a health care intervention. Participants gave their consent to participate in the research and the procedure was approved by the Institutional Bioethics Committee