Financial Risk and Governance Nexus in Nepalese Cooperative Societies

This study aims to investigate the relationships between credit default risk, leverage risk, liquidity risk, and investment risk and their connection to the governance system of Nepalese cooperative societies. The research hypothesis tries to explore that these financial risks are not significantly associated with the governance system of cooperatives. The findings reveal a significant connection between the governance system of cooperatives and credit default risk, leverage risk, and investment risk. However, liquidity risk does not demonstrate a substantial link with the governance system, suggesting the influence of additional factors. These results underscore the pivotal role of effective governance in mitigating financial risks within cooperative societies. Interestingly, the lack of a significant connection between liquidity risk and the governance system implies that other factors are at play in influencing liquidity risk. These insights provide valuable guidance for policymakers and cooperative management, facilitating the enhancement of governance and risk management strategies, and ultimately contributing to the sustainability of cooperative societies in Nepal. The evaluation involves a comprehensive analysis of financial risks and the governance system in Nepalese cooperative societies, utilizing data from a sample of 126 cooperative societies in Kathmandu

Socio-Economic Culture of Backward Communities: An Educational Achievement of Dalit Students

The Dalit community is a backward class, due to socio-economic and educational reasons. To providing equal opportunities in education but the problems also rised, if is not done, it will be difficult to achieving educational goals and opportunity of social change. Increasing the economic access of the Dalit community will lead to participation in development and inclusion of their children in education. The problems are expressed by educational progress of Dalit students due to Poverty, lack of consciousness, large number of families, landlessness, unemployment, lack of educational scholarships, lack of agricultural and business loans, lack of schools near slums, high fees, inferiority complex, traditional social norms, discrimination against children, wasteful spending, relocation and falling mentality. Due to this, governmental and non-governmental organizations have helped to Dalit parents in their economic and social development through Dalit oriented programs. The enrollment rate of basic level is 92% as per the national policy of the government and 8% of children are out of school according to government statistics and 25% out of school according to non-government data, the challenges of educational progress of Dalit children are still acute

Tuberculosis in HIV Patient

Introduction: Strict monitoring of anti tuberculosis therapy (ATT) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for proper management of TB/HIV co-infected patients. Methods: Between December 2006 and December 2008 a prospective observational study was conducted among 135 TB/HIV co-infected patients visiting antiretroviral therapy in Seti Zonal Hospital, Dhangadi. The diagnosed TB patients were subjected to ATT through directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) and its response was evaluated as per WHO guidelines. Results: Among 135 studied subjects, 71.9% were males and over 88 % of the patients were in the age group 21 to 50. Of the Total TB cases 68.1% presented pulmonary TB (PTB) and 37.20% of the Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) cases were lymph node TB. 75.5% of them had completed ATT, 8.2% transfer out and 12.6% were default. Conclusions: Majority of the patients presented PTB, and lymph node TB was found to be the most common EPTB. Comparatively, high efficacy of ATT was found in HIV patients visiting this resource poor setting. Key words: antiretroviral therapy; anti TB therapy; Dhangadi; lymph node T; treatment response

Tuberculosis in HIV Patient

Introduction: Strict monitoring of anti tuberculosis therapy (ATT) and antiretroviral therapy (ART) is crucial for proper management of TB/HIV co-infected patients. Methods: Between December 2006 and December 2008 a prospective observational study was conducted among 135 TB/HIV co-infected patients visiting antiretroviral therapy in Seti Zonal Hospital, Dhangadi. The diagnosed TB patients were subjected to ATT through directly observed treatment short-course (DOTS) and its response was evaluated as per WHO guidelines. Results:  Among 135 studied subjects, 71.9% were males and over 88 % of the patients were in the age group 21 to 50. Of the Total TB cases 68.1% presented pulmonary TB (PTB) and 37.20% of the Extra-pulmonary Tuberculosis (EPTB) cases were lymph node TB. 75.5% of them had completed ATT, 8.2% transfer out and 12.6% were default. Conclusions: Majority of the patients presented PTB, and lymph node TB was found to be the most common EPTB. Comparatively, high efficacy of ATT was found in HIV patients visiting this resource poor setting. Key words: antiretroviral therapy; anti TB therapy; Dhangadi; lymph node T; treatment response

Comparing additionality of tuberculosis cases using GeneXpert or smear-based active TB case-finding strategies among social contacts of index cases in Nepal

This study compares the yield and additionality of community-based active tuberculosis (TB) active case-finding strategies using either smear microscopy or GeneXpert as the TB diagnostic test. Active case-finding strategies screened social contacts of index cases and high-risk groups in four districts of Nepal in July 2017–2019. Two districts (Chitwan and Dhanusha) applied GeneXpert testing and two districts (Makwanpur and Mahotarri) used smear microscopy. Two control districts implemented standard national TB program activities. Districts implementing GeneXpert testing screened 23,657 people for TB, tested 17,114 and diagnosed 764 TB cases, producing a yield of 4.5%. Districts implementing smear microscopy screened 19,961 people for TB, tested 13,285 and diagnosed 437 cases, producing a yield of 3.3%. The screening numbers required were 31 for GeneXpert and 45.7 for smear districts. The test numbers required were 22.4 and 30.4 for GeneXpert and smear. Using the TB REACH additionality method, social contact tracing for TB through GeneXpert testing contributed to a 20% (3958/3322) increase in district-level TB notifications, smear microscopy 12.4% (3146/2798), and −0.5% (2553/2566) for control districts. Therefore, social contact tracing of TB index cases using GeneXpert testing should be implemented throughout Nepal within the TB FREE initiative to close the notification gap and accelerate progress toward END TB strategy targets

Comparing additionality of tuberculosis cases using GeneXpert or smear-based active TB case-finding strategies among social contacts of index cases in Nepal : tropical medicine and infectious disease

Funding: The study obtained funding from European Union, Horizon 2020—IMPACT TB project (grant number: 733174).This study compares the yield and additionality of community-based active tuberculosis (TB) active case-finding strategies using either smear microscopy or GeneXpert as the TB diagnostic test. Active case-finding strategies screened social contacts of index cases and high-risk groups in four districts of Nepal in July 2017–2019. Two districts (Chitwan and Dhanusha) applied GeneXpert testing and two districts (Makwanpur and Mahotarri) used smear microscopy. Two control districts implemented standard national TB program activities. Districts implementing GeneXpert testing screened 23,657 people for TB, tested 17,114 and diagnosed 764 TB cases, producing a yield of 4.5%. Districts implementing smear microscopy screened 19,961 people for TB, tested 13,285 and diagnosed 437 cases, producing a yield of 3.3%. The screening numbers required were 31 for GeneXpert and 45.7 for smear districts. The test numbers required were 22.4 and 30.4 for GeneXpert and smear. Using the TB REACH additionality method, social contact tracing for TB through GeneXpert testing contributed to a 20% (3958/3322) increase in district-level TB notifications, smear microscopy 12.4% (3146/2798), and −0.5% (2553/2566) for control districts. Therefore, social contact tracing of TB index cases using GeneXpert testing should be implemented throughout Nepal within the TB FREE initiative to close the notification gap and accelerate progress toward END TB strategy targets.Publisher PDFPeer reviewe