53 research outputs found
Rationally Designed Antimicrobial Peptides Are Potential Tools to Combat Devastating Bacteria and Fungi
Migráció, helyi társadalom, identitás = Migration, local society, identity
A vizsgált telepĂĽlĂ©seken az elmĂşlt másfĂ©l Ă©vtizedben a migráciĂłs folyamatok polarizálĂłdásának lehetĂĽnk tanĂşi. A falvak egy rĂ©sze a nĂ©pessĂ©g tartĂłs csökkenĂ©sĂ©nek következmĂ©nyeivel, az elöregedĂ©ssel, a fiatal, kĂ©pzett generáciĂłk eltűnĂ©sĂ©vel kĂĽszködik, mĂg a szuburb falvak Ă©ppen a nĂ©pessĂ©g gyors növekedĂ©sĂ©bĹ‘l fakadĂł problĂ©mákat igyekeznek kezelni. A nĂ©met kisebbsĂ©g, a kisebbsĂ©gi politizálás esĂ©lyei felĹ‘l nĂ©zve mindkĂ©t irányĂş migráciĂłs folyamat kedvezĹ‘tlen: egyrĂ©szt kiĂĽrĂĽlnek a kisebbsĂ©gi kultĂşra, Ă©rdekkĂ©pviselet intĂ©zmĂ©nyesĂĽlt formái, másrĂ©szt a helyi hatalomban mind nagyobb mĂ©rtĂ©kű a svábok tĂ©rvesztĂ©se. Ha a nĂ©met kisebbsĂ©g asszimiláciĂłrĂłl beszĂ©lĂĽnk, akkor egyĂşttal a kisebbsĂ©gi identitás alakváltozásairĂłl beszĂ©lĂĽnk. A vegyes házasságok - köttessenek bár kisebbsĂ©gek, kisebbsĂ©g Ă©s többsĂ©g között -, valamint a nĂ©metek magyar hazával szembeni mindenkori lojalitása, a többes etnikai, kulturális identitás lehetĹ‘sĂ©gĂ©t teremtik meg s táplálják. A kisebbsĂ©gi identitás elszakadása a családon belĂĽl áthagyományozott tradicionális lokális kultĂşrátĂłl Ă©s dialektustĂłl, nem csak azt eredmĂ©nyezi, hogy a magyarországi nĂ©metek számára a kultĂşra, a (nĂ©met irodalmi) nyelv az iskolában elsajátĂtandĂł tartalommá vált (amely egyĂ©bkĂ©nt bárki más számára is hozzáfĂ©rhetĹ‘), hanem azt is, hogy a nemzetisĂ©gi identitás, kötĹ‘dĂ©s (kĂĽlönösebb kockázat nĂ©lkĂĽli) választás kĂ©rdĂ©se lett. Ez viszont azt is jelenti, hogy közössĂ©gi identitáskĂ©nt valĂł megmaradása, fenntartása csak tudatos, intĂ©zmĂ©nyĂ©pĂtĹ‘ politikával biztosĂthatĂł. | In the settlements under survey in the past fifteen years the polarisation of migration tendencies could be observed. A part of the villages struggles with a steady decrease of population , with ageing population and the lack of the young qualified inhabitants, whereas suburban villages try to cope with the problems deriving from the quick increase in population number. In general, for the chances of political representation of ethnic and national minorities both types of migration tendency have proved to be unfavourable. The institutionalised forms of the representation of minority culture and the enforcement of minority rights have become emptied; on the other hand Germans have lost considerable positions and functions in shaping local politics. In case the assimilation of the German minority is taken into consideration, then, at the same time, it should be understood as a transformation of the forms of minority identity. Mixed marriages and the persisting loyalty of Germans to Hungary as homeland establish and promote the possibility of multiple ethnic and cultural identity. The secession of minority identity from the traditional local culture and dialect formerly transmitted within the families results not only in that for Germans in Hungary German culture and standard German language has become a subject to be acquired at educational institutions, but also in that national identity and attachment has become a matter of choice. This means that the maintenance of communal minority identity can only be ensured with conscious institution-constructing policy
Váltás a Tér és Társadalom szerkesztőségében = Changes in the Editorial Team of Tér és Társadalom
MĂłdosĂtott peptidek - peptidek tĂ©rszerkezetĂ©nek valamint biolĂłgiai hatásának modulálási lehetĹ‘sĂ©gei = Modified peptides - Possibilities for modification of the 3D structure and the biological action.
cisz-(1R,2S) Ă©s transz-(1S,2S)-ACHC (2-amino ciklohexán karbonsav) homooligomereket szintetizáltunk Ă©s vizsgálatokat kezdtĂĽnk kedvezmĂ©nyezett tĂ©rszerkezetĂĽkkel kapcsolatban. Heterokirális homooligomereket szintetizáltunk 2R,3S valamint 2S,3R amino norbornĂ©n Ă©s norbornán karbonsav felhasználásával, mad meghatároztuk tĂ©rszerkezetĂĽket. Heterokirális homooligomereket szintetizáltunk alternálĂł gerinckonformáciĂłjĂş cisz Ă©s transz ACPC (2-amino ciklopentán karbonsav) felhasználásával. MegállapĂtottuk, hogy a kiralitással egyĂ©rtelműen szabályozhatĂł a kapott oligomerek másodlagos szekezete Számos transzporterpeptidet illetve ezek fluoreszcensen jelzett származĂ©kait állĂtottuk elĹ‘ Ă©s vizsgáltunk meg abbĂłl a cĂ©lbĂłl, hogy melyik az optimális lipo-foszfopeptidek sejtbejuttatására. A korábbi vizsgálatok szerint funkcionálisan aktĂvnak bizonyult Gab1 foszfopeptid fragmens aktĂv centrumának meghatározása cĂ©ljábĂłl számos Ăşj foszfopeptidet szintetizáltunk Ă©s vizsgáltunk meg. Enzimrezisztens peptidtiofoszfát analĂłgokat állĂtottunk elĹ‘. Szintetizáltunk egy minifehĂ©rjĂ©t Ă©s nĂ©hány származĂ©kát. Megvizsgáltuk a mĂłdosĂtások konformáciĂłs hatásait Hidrazinoprolin (2-aza ACPC) felhasználásával homo Ă©s heterooligomereket kĂ©szĂtettĂĽnk Ă©s tĂ©rszerkezetvizsgálatokat vĂ©geztĂĽnk. Hidrazinoprolin Ă©s cisz valamint transz ACPC felhasználásával elkĂ©szĂtettĂĽk a lehetsĂ©ges alternálĂł heterooligomereket. Ezekkel NMR Ă©s VCD vizsgálatokat valamint molekuladinamikai számĂtásokat vĂ©geztĂĽnk MĂłdszereket dolgoztunk ki N-glikopeptidek szintĂ©zisĂ©re. | Cis-(1R,2S)- and trans-(1S,2S)-ACHC (2-aminocyclohexane carboxylic acid) homooligomers were synthesized and the examination of their steric structure was started. Heterochiral homooligomers were synthesized using (2R,3S)- and (2S,3R)-aminonorbornene and norbornane carboxylic acid, and their steric structure was determined. Using cis- and trans-ACPC (2-aminocyclopentane carboxylic acid) having alternating backbone conformation, heterochiral homooligomers were synthesized. The secondary structure of the oligomers could be unequivocally regulated with the chirality of the monomers. Numerous transporter peptides and their fluorescently labeled derivatives were synthesized and tested in order to find the optimal cell-permeable fragment for the internalization of lipo-phosphopeptides into the cell. To determine the active site of a Gab1 phosphopeptide fragment whose activity was proved before, several new phosphopeptides were synthesized and examined. Moreover, enzyme resistant peptide thiophosphate analogues were prepared. A miniprotein and some analogues of it were synthesized and the effect of the modification on the conformation was examined. Using hydrazinoproline (2-aza-ACPC), homo- and heterooligomers were prepared and used for structural investigations. The possible alternating heterooligomers were synthesized with the use of hydrazinoproline and cis- and trans-ACPC. These compounds were subjected to NMR and VCD investigations, and molecular dynamics calculations. Different methods have been worked out for the synthesis of N-glycopeptides
Agricultural applicability of Neosartorya fischeri antifungal protein and de novo designed peptide derivatives : [abstract]
Two small, cysteine-rich and cationic antifungal proteins from Penicillium chrysogenum: A comparative study of PAF and PAFB
The filamentous fungus Penicillium chrysogenum Q176 secretes the antimicrobial proteins (AMPs) PAF and PAFB, which share a compact disulfide-bond mediated, β-fold structure rendering them highly stable. These two AMPs effectively inhibit the growth of human pathogenic fungi in micromolar concentrations and exhibit antiviral potential without causing cytotoxic effects on mammalian cells in vitro and in vivo.
The antifungal mechanism of action of both AMPs is closely linked to - but not solely dependent on - the lipid composition of the fungal cell membrane and requires a strictly regulated protein uptake into the cell, indicating that PAF and PAFB are not canonical membrane active proteins. Variations in their antifungal spectrum and their killing dynamics point towards a divergent mode of action related to their physicochemical properties and surface charge distribution.
In this review, we relate characteristic features of PAF and PAFB to the current knowledge about other AMPs of different sources. In addition, we present original data that have never been published before to substantiate our assumptions and provide evidences that help to explain and understand better the mechanistic function of PAF and PAFB. Finally, we underline the promising potential of PAF and PAFB as future antifungal therapeutics
The Penicillium chrysogenum Q176 Antimicrobial Protein PAFC Effectively Inhibits the Growth of the Opportunistic Human Pathogen Candida albicans
Analytical and Structural Studies for the Investigation of Oxidative Stress in Guanine Oligonucleotides
DNA damage plays a decisive role in epigenetic effects. The detection and analysis of DNA damages, like the most common change of guanine (G) to 8-oxo-7,8-dihydroguanine (OG), is a key factor in cancer research. It is especially true for G quadruplex structure (GQ), which is one of the best-known examples of a non-canonical DNA arrangement. In the present work, we provided an overview on analytical methods in connection with the detection of OG in oligonucleotides with GQ-forming capacity. Focusing on the last five years, novel electrochemical tools, like dedicated electrodes, were overviewed, as well as different optical methods (fluorometric assays, resonance light scattering or UV radiation) along with hyphenated detection and structural analysis methods (CD, NMR, melting temperature analysis and nanopore detection) were also applied for OG detection. Additionally, GQ-related computational simulations were also summarized. All these results emphasize that OG detection and the analysis of the effect of its presence in higher ordered structures like GQ is still a state-of-the-art research line with continuously increasing interest
The potential use of the Penicillium chrysogenum antifungal protein PAF, the designed variant PAFopt and its Îł-core peptide PÎłopt in plant protection.
The prevention of enormous crop losses caused by pesticide-resistant fungi is a serious challenge in agriculture. Application of alternative fungicides, such as antifungal proteins and peptides, provides a promising basis to overcome this problem; however, their direct use in fields suffers limitations, such as high cost of production, low stability, narrow antifungal spectrum and toxicity on plant or mammalian cells. Recently, we demonstrated that a Penicillium chrysogenum-based expression system provides a feasible tool for economic production of P. chrysogenum antifungal protein (PAF) and a rational designed variant (PAFopt ), in which the evolutionary conserved Îł-core motif was modified to increase antifungal activity. In the present study, we report for the first time that Îł-core modulation influences the antifungal spectrum and efficacy of PAF against important plant pathogenic ascomycetes, and the synthetic Îł-core peptide PÎłopt , a derivative of PAFopt , is antifungal active against these pathogens in vitro. Finally, we proved the protective potential of PAF against Botrytis cinerea infection in tomato plant leaves. The lack of any toxic effects on mammalian cells and plant seedlings, as well as the high tolerance to harsh environmental conditions and proteolytic degradation further strengthen our concept for applicability of these proteins and peptide in agriculture
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