«CRIMINAL CAREER» AS THE MAIN FEATURE IN THE CRIMINOLOGICAL, CRIMINAL LAW AND CRIMINALISTIC CHARACTERISTICS OF THE PERPETRATOR OF THE CRIME «TAKING THE HIGHEST POSITION IN THE CRIMINAL HIERARCHY»

The perpetrator of the crime under Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation is characterized by willingness to follow criminal ideology, to lead the criminal hierarchy using an arsenal of illegal methods, to organize and expand the scope and territory of criminal activity through subordinate structures, actively counteract the law enforcement function of the state. The criminal career of the leader of the criminal hierarchy is the basis for qualifying a crime, determining the circumstances included in the subject of proof, for planning and organizing an investigation. Purpose: to analyze the criminal law, criminological and criminalistic characteristics of the perpetrator of the crime – «Taking the highest position in the criminal hierarchy». Methods: empirical methods of comparison, description, interpretation; theoretical methods of formal and dialectical logic; specific scientific methods: legal-dogmatic and interpretation of legal norms. Results: the study makes it possible to identify problems in the qualification of the crime, to highlight the criminal law, criminological and criminalistic signs of the perpetrator of the crime under Article 210.1 of the Criminal Code of the Russian Federation, to formulate recommendations on the organization and planning of the investigation of this crime

BK Channels – Focus on Polyamines, Ethanol/Acetaldehyde and Hydrogen Sulfide (H2S)

(VLID)386021

Phosphorylation of BK channels modulates the sensitivity to hydrogen sulfide (H2S)

Introduction: Gases, such as nitric oxide (NO), carbon monoxide (CO) or hydrogen sulfide (H2S), termed gasotransmitters, play an increasingly important role in understanding of how electrical signaling of cells is modulated. H2S is well known to act on various ion channels and receptors. In a previous study we reported that H2S increased calcium-activated potassium (BK) channel activity. Aims: The goal of the present study is to investigate the modulatory effect of BK channel phosphorylation on the action of H2S on the channel as well as to recalculate and determine the H2S concentrations in aqueous sodium hydrogen sulfide (NaHS) solutions.Methods: Single channel recordings of GH3, GH4 and GH4 STREX cells were used to analyze channel open probability, amplitude and open dwell times. H2S was measured with ananion selective electrode. Results: The concentration of H2S produced from NaHS was recalculated taking pH, temperature salinity of the perfusate and evaporation of H2S into account. The results indicate that from a concentration of 300 µM NaHS, only11-13%, i.e. 34-41 µM is effective as H2S in solution. GH3, GH4 and GH4 STREX cells respond differently to phosphorylation. BK channel open probability (Po) of all cells lines used was increased by H2S in ATP containing solutions. PKA prevented the action of H2S on channel Po in GH4 and GH4 STREX, but not in GH3 cells. H2S, high significantly increased Po of all PKG pretreated cells. In the presence of PKC, which lowers channel activity, H2S increased channel Po of GH4 and GH4 STREX, but not those of GH3 cells. H2S increased open dwell times of GH3 cells in the absence of ATP significantly. A significant increase of dwell times with H2S was also observed in the presence of okadaic acid.Conclusions: Our results suggest that phosphorylation by PKG primes the channels for H2S activation and indicate that channel phosphorylation plays an important role in the response to H2S

Implicit Negation in Dialogue Discourse

Our paper presents a research in cognitive linguistics and considers implicit negation dialogue utterances. Implicitness exists in all natural languages and can be considered as one of the most important features in the verbal communication process. It is well known that utterances in dialogues have a high degree of the implicitness which is due to the fact that the communicants share the situation, the context and the background knowledge. The paper considers some common ways of expressing implicit negation in the dialogue utterances. The main results of the study consist in the description of the mechanism for recognizing the implicit meaning and identifying typical cases of implicit negation in dialogue utterances characterized by the asymmetry of interrogative and response replicas. The materials of the paper can contribute into the language and thinking correlation problem and be of some interest for linguists, psycho-linguists, experts in logics and philosophy

Effects of Maternal Hyperhomocysteinemia on the Early Physical Development and Neurobehavioral Maturation of Rat Offspring

During pregnancy, several complications have been associated with hyperhomocysteinemia and elevated homocysteine (Hcy) levels have been shown to play a role in the etiology of preeclampsia, placental abruption, intrauterine growth retardation, and neural tube defects. In the present work we aimed to investigate the effects of maternal Hcy on the development and neurobehavioral maturation of the offspring. On the pups, we performed a follow-up of classical parameters of development such as body weight, eyelid opening, ear unfolding, incisor eruption and the appearance of hair, and subjected the pups to various tests representative of neurobehavioral maturation extending from 4th to 20th postnatal days (righting reflex, negative geotaxis, cliff avoidance, head shake, acoustic startle reflex, free-fall righting, cliff avoidance caused by visual stimulus, olfactory discrimination). We have shown that newborn animals were characterized by lower body weight and higher mortality

SENSITIVITY OF HIPPOCAMPAL SLICES OF NEWBORN RATS WITH PRENATAL HYPERHOMOCYSTEINEMIA TO 4-AMINOPYRIDINE- INDUCED SEIZURE-LIKES EVENTS

5-

The gut microbiota as potential modulator of gastrointestinal motility in patients with chronic constipation

The intestinal microbiota may affect gut motility by altering host metabolism and production of metabolites, including gases, short chain fatty acids and bile acids, and therefore is considered to contribute to chronic constipation (CC). The aim of this study was to characterize mucosal microbiota and contractility of colonic muscle in CC patients

Homocysteine: Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Role in Disease

Homocysteine is a non-proteinogenic sulfhydryl-containing amino acid derived from methionine and is a homologue of cysteine [...

Oxidative Stress and Maxi Calcium-Activated Potassium (BK) Channels

All cells contain ion channels in their outer (plasma) and inner (organelle) membranes. Ion channels, similar to other proteins, are targets of oxidative impact, which modulates ion fluxes across membranes. Subsequently, these ion currents affect electrical excitability, such as action potential discharge (in neurons, muscle, and receptor cells), alteration of the membrane resting potential, synaptic transmission, hormone secretion, muscle contraction or coordination of the cell cycle. In this chapter we summarize effects of oxidative stress and redox mechanisms on some ion channels, in particular on maxi calcium-activated potassium (BK) channels which play an outstanding role in a plethora of physiological and pathophysiological functions in almost all cells and tissues. We first elaborate on some general features of ion channel structure and function and then summarize effects of oxidative alterations of ion channels and their functional consequences