2,356 research outputs found
The d=6, (2,0)-tensor multiplet coupled to self-dual strings
We show that the central charges that group theory allows in the (2,0)
supersymmetry translations algebra arise from a string and a 3-brane by
commuting two supercharges. We show that the net force between two such
parallel strings vanishes. We show that all the coupling constants are fixed
numbers, due to supersymmetry, and self-duality of the three-form field
strength. We obtain a charge quantization for the self-dual field strength, and
show that when compactifying on a two-torus, it reduces to the usual
quantization condition of N=4 SYM with gauge group SU(2), and with coupling
constant and theta angle given by the tau-parameter of the two-torus, provided
that we pick that chiral theory which corresponds to a theta function with zero
characteristics, as expected on manifolds of this form.Comment: 18 pages, reference adde
Loop space, (2,0) theory, and solitonic strings
We present an interacting action that lives in loop space, and we argue that
this is a generalization of the theory for a free tensor multiplet. From this
action we derive the Bogomolnyi equation corresponding to solitonic strings.
Using the Hopf map, we find a correspondence between BPS strings and BPS
monopoles in four-dimensional super Yang-Mills theory. This enable us to find
explicit BPS saturated solitonic string solutions.Comment: 29 pages, v3: section 5 is rewritten and string solutions are found,
v4: a new section on general covariance in loop spac
Classical self-dual strings in d=6, (2,0) theory from afar
We show how one can get solitonic strings in a six-dimensional (2,0)
supersymmetric theory by incorporating a nonlinear interaction term. We derive
a zero force condition between parallel strings, and compute a metric on a
moduli space which is when the strings are far apart. When compactifying
the strings on a two-torus we show that, in the limit of vanishing two-torus,
one regains the moduli space of two widely separated dyons of equal magnetic
charges in four dimensions.Comment: 13 pages, clarifications and added reference
Thomson scattering of chiral tensors and scalars against a self-dual string
We give a non-technical outline of a program to study the (2,0) theories in
six space-time dimensions. Away from the origin of their moduli space, these
theories describe the interactions of tensor multiplets and self-dual spinning
strings. We argue that if the ratio between the square of the energy of a
process and the string tension is taken to be small, it should be possible to
study the dynamics of such a system perturbatively in this parameter. As a
first step in this direction, we perform a classical computation of the
amplitude for scattering chiral tensor and scalar fields (i.e. the bosonic part
of a tensor multiplet) against a self-dual spinnless string.Comment: 24 pages, LaTeX, 2 figures. v2: added discussion on supersymmetry in
Ch.
Moral conflicts in health crises : Swedish health care workers’ experiences and management of moral stress
Background: In health crises, elevated patient needs, and scarce resources may pose
moral challenges for healthcare workers (HCWs), as they must prioritize and make
complex professional decisions regarding the provision of patient care. Moral stress,
distinct from occupational stress, may trigger a negative stress reaction, moral distress,
and potential psychological outcomes. Consequently, HCWs may resign or take sick
leave, where a lack of HCWs can affect both patient care and emergency preparedness.
Understanding HCWs' experiences and management of moral stress is crucial for
providing support and preventing negative consequences. The overall aim of this thesis
was to investigate and describe experiences and management of moral stress and
moral distress among Swedish HCWs in health crises.
Methods: The four interdisciplinary studies employed various methods to explore
HCWs' experiences. Study I involved content analysis of focus group discussions with
Swedish HCWs experienced in international disaster healthcare. Study II was a crosssectional
survey during the COVID-19 pandemic, quantifying HCWs’ moral stress
experiences among 16,044 participants. In Study III, associations between moral distress
and moral residue, and stress-related and general psychological distress were assessed
among 6,551 Swedish HCWs from the cross-sectional survey. Study IV used content
analysis and conceptual analysis to map and analyze 643 free-text responses
describing morally challenging situations from the survey.
Results: In Study I, HCWs’ wellbeing was influenced by the type and length of their
response involvement and the severity, repetitiveness, and duration of morally
challenging situations. HCWs had to be creative in resolving situations and finding
support. Study II revealed common moral stress, especially among those in direct
COVID-19 care, primarily due to resource shortages and visiting restrictions. Informal
support was deemed most useful. Study III found strong associations between moral
challenges, moral distress, and moral residue, and with general psychological distress. In
Study IV, themes aligned with the main theme "Being prevented from providing good
care,". These were discussed in relation to definitions and assessed through conceptual
analysis, and a refined definition of moral stress was presented.
Conclusion: The study results indicate that participating HCWs commonly experienced
moral stress when encountering obstacles and feeling inadequate in delivering patient
care, despite striving to do their best. Hence, these moral challenges were generally due
to the context of resource scarcity in combination with a lack of support. For the
participating HCWs, informal support played a crucial role in managing moral stress,
though formal support was also valuable if aligned with HCWs’ experiences. The study
results also indicate that moral distress and moral residue seem to capture specific
issues related to moral values, which cannot fully be explained as psychological distress
Ergodic and non-ergodic clustering of inertial particles
We compute the fractal dimension of clusters of inertial particles in mixing
flows at finite values of Kubo (Ku) and Stokes (St) numbers, by a new series
expansion in Ku. At small St, the theory includes clustering by Maxey's
non-ergodic 'centrifuge' effect. In the limit of St to infinity and Ku to zero
(so that Ku^2 St remains finite) it explains clustering in terms of ergodic
'multiplicative amplification'. In this limit, the theory is consistent with
the asymptotic perturbation series in [Duncan et al., Phys. Rev. Lett. 95
(2005) 240602]. The new theory allows to analyse how the two clustering
mechanisms compete at finite values of St and Ku. For particles suspended in
two-dimensional random Gaussian incompressible flows, the theory yields
excellent results for Ku < 0.2 for arbitrary values of St; the ergodic
mechanism is found to contribute significantly unless St is very small. For
higher values of Ku the new series is likely to require resummation. But
numerical simulations show that for Ku ~ St ~ 1 too, ergodic 'multiplicative
amplification' makes a substantial contribution to the observed clustering.Comment: 4 pages, 2 figure
Combined EISCAT radar and optical multispectral and tomographic observations of black aurora
Black auroras are recognized as spatially well-defined regions within a uniform diffuse auroral background where the optical emission is significantly reduced. Black auroras typically appear post-magnetic midnight and during the substorm recovery phase, but not exclusively so. We report on the first combined multimonochromatic optical imaging, bistatic white-light TV recordings and incoherent scatter radar observations of black aurora by EISCAT of the phenomenon. From the relatively larger reduction in luminosity at 4278 Ă… than at 8446 Ă… we show that nonsheared black auroras are most probably not caused by downward directed electrical fields at low altitude. From the observations, we determine this by relating the height and intensity of the black aurora to precipitating particle energy within the surrounding background diffuse aurora. The observations are more consistent with an energy selective loss cone. Hence the mechanism causing black aurora is most probably active in the magnetosphere rather than close to Earth
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