Development of Visible Light Responsive Double Polyacrylamide-poly(acrylic acid) Network Hydrogels for Tactile Display

abstract: The purpose of this project is to investigate the swelling ratio exhibited due to photothermal effects of double network polyacrylamide poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels synthesized with carbon black as a light-sensitive chromophore. Optimal carbon black dispersion was achieved in solutions through sonication, using V9A32 carbon black, where dynamic light scattering recorded particle diameters in the range of 195.0-375.8 nanometers for water/carbon black mixtures, 242.4-262.6 nanometers for monomer/carbon black mixtures without initiator, and 1109.3-1783.9 nanometers for monomer/carbon black mixtures including initiator. The double network polyacrylamide poly(acrylic acid) hydrogels with carbon black yielded weight increases of 0.126% and 6.043%, respectively, after 2 minutes and 10 minutes of being exposed to a light stimulus; compared to previous work which showed a double network polyacrylamide poly(acrylic acid) hydrogel with chlorophyllin yielded weight increases of 18.3% and 20.8%, respectively, after 2 minutes and 10 minutes of being exposed to a light stimulus, the carbon black resulted in a less robust response. Future work for application of the light-responsive hydrogels includes the development of a screen covering that will be made of the hydrogels. This covering is intended for use on LED screen displays, where a light change will result in a protrusion from the screen. The purpose behind this application is that technology users who are visually impaired can still determine what their LED device is trying to communicate with them

Additional file 8: Table S4. of TRAPLINE: a standardized and automated pipeline for RNA sequencing data analysis, evaluation and annotation

Exemplarily results of protein-protein interaction prediction, splice variants and multi promoter regions. (DOC 37 kb

In <i>vitro</i> LacZ expression of HUVECs tranduced by MNBs/Ad_Laz complexes and evaluation of transduction specificity.

<p>(A) The transduced HUVECs formed a three-spot pattern determined by the locations of the magnets. (B–C) LacZ reporter gene expression in the confined area influenced by the magnetic field and in an area remote from the magnetic field. (D) The expression of reporter gene LacZ was detected and formed a clear border between the transduced and untransduced cells.</p

<i>In vitro</i> Luciferase expression of HUVECs transduced by MNBs/Ad_luc complexes and evaluation of magnetically controlled gene delivery.

<p>Tranduction efficiency enhanced by MNBs. Transduction was carried out in 48-well plates. Ad (expressed as Ad amount in unit area (pfu/cm²)) and MNBs dose were varied. RLU were normalized to the protein content of cell lysates. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. (<i>n</i> = 6, three independent experiments).</p

Characterization of MNBs/Ad complexes.

<p>Ad concentration (expressed as Ad amount in unit area (pfu/cm²)) was 8×10⁷ pfu/cm² and MNBs dose were varied. MNBs/Ad complexes group was increased whereas the naked Ad group was reduced with the increase of the MNBs dose. The complexes group became close to constant 100% from the MNBs dose at 16 µl. Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. (<i>n</i> = 6, three independent experiments).</p

Real time PCR analysis for the distribution and expression of magnetically controlled gene delivery after systemic infusion of MNBs/Ad_hVEGF or MNBs/Ad_GFP complexes.

<p>Quantitative Real-time PCR analysis for hVEGF gene expression in hearts, livers, spleens, lungs and kidneys in MI-M⁺MNBs/Ad_hVEGF, MI-M⁻MNBs/Ad_hVEGF and MI-saline groups. *<i>P</i><0.05 versus heart in MI-M⁻MNBs/Ad_hVEGF, #<i>P</i><0.05 verus liver in MI-M⁻MNBs/Ad_hVEGF. (MI-M⁺MNBs/Ad_hVEGF, n = 4; MI-M⁻MNBs/Ad_hVEGF, n = 4; MI-Saline, n = 4).</p

Intravenously MNBs/Ad_hVEGF injection restored cardiac function 4 weeks after MI assessed by catherization.

<p>Left ventricular function at both baseline and stress conditions revealed the increments of left ventricular dp/dt max and dp/dt min under baseline and dobutamine stress compared with MI-M⁻MNBs/Ad_hVEGF group. Meanwhile the ejection fraction (EF) was enhanced under the dobutamine stress compared with the MI-M⁻MNBs/Ad_hVEGF group. Data ware mean values± SEM. *<i>P</i><0.05MI-M⁺MNBs/Ad_hVEGF versus Sham, #<i>P</i><0.05 versus MI-saline, ζ<i>P</i><0.05versus MI-MNBs and τ<i>P</i><0.05 versus MI-M-AdVEGF. (MI-M⁺MNBs/Ad_hVEGF, n = 10; MI-M⁻MNBs/Ad_hVEGF, n = 10; MI-MNBs, n = 10; MI-Saline, n = 10 and sham-operated, n = 5).</p

Inflammation response after intravenously injection of MNBs/Ad_hVEGF complexes.

<p>FACs analyses of mononuclear cells from peripheral blood in different groups. CD8⁺T cells of peripheral blood significantly enhanced in MI-M⁺MNBs/Ad_hVEGF compared to sham and other MI treated groups Data ware mean values± SEM. *<i>P</i><0.05MI-M⁺MNBs/Ad_hVEGF versus Sham, #<i>P</i><0.05 versus MI-saline, ζ<i>P</i><0.05versus MI-MNBs and τ<i>P</i><0.05 versus MI-M-AdVEGF. (MI-M⁺ MNBs/Ad_hVEGF, n = 4; MI-M⁻MNBs/Ad_hVEGF, n = 4; MI-MNBs, n = 10; MI-Saline, n = 4 and sham-operated, n = 4).</p

Cytotoxicity of MNBs/Ad_luc complexes in HUVECs.

<p>Ad (expressed as Ad amount in unit area (pfu/cm²)) and MNBs dose were varied. Values were expressed as a percentage of viability of MNBs/Ad_luc treated cells relative to that of Ad_luc alone treated cells (control). Data are expressed as the mean ± SD. (<i>n</i> = 6, three independent experiments).</p

Experimental design.

<p>After LAD-ligation rats received the magnet fixed onto the area of blanched myocardium.</p