Fracture Deformation Measurements during Grouting in Hard Rock

When a fracture system in crystalline rock is grouted the rock mass may deform. Such deformations may reduce the grouting efficiency since new flow paths are opened. The work presented here show that deformations occur at hydraulic tests and grouting and that deformation can be measured and evaluated as stiffness from in situ tests. Deformation measurements, hydraulic testing, and grouting was conducted in spring 2010 in the Hallandsås tunnel and hydraulic testing in a service tunnel in Gothenburg (Runslätt and Thörn, 2010). For measuring physical deformation recently developed equipment from Chalmers University of Technology was used. Deformations were measured seven times in the same borehole. Three measurements were during grouting, and the remaining four from water pressure tests. Most deformations occurred at pump pressures of 1-1.4 MPa, which is lower than the calculated normal rock stress. Stiffness has been evaluated in several ways, including a new method, (Fransson, et al., 2010). Generally the evaluated stiffness is lower in the Hallandsås tunnel than in the Gothenburg tunnel. The results show agreement with other in situ experiments

A Generalised Area Law for Hadronic String Reinteractions

A new model for hadronic string reinteractions based on a generalised area law is presented. The model describes both the hadronic final states in $e^+e^-$ annihilation and the diffractive structure function in deep inelastic scattering. The model also predicts a shift in the W-mass reconstructed from hadronic decays of W-pairs of the order 65 MeV.Comment: 11 pages, 5 figures, see also http://www3.tsl.uu.se/~rathsman/gal/ Slightly shortened version with minor modifications for publicatio

Ändring av beslut på myndighetsnivå

Den här uppsatsen behandlar ändring av beslut på myndighetsnivå. Syftet med uppsatsen är att klargöra nuvarande regler kring ändring av beslut samt avgöra om dessa är tillfredsställande eller behöver förändras. En grundläggande förvaltningsrättslig princip är att gynnande förvaltningsbeslut vinner negativ rättskraft. Det innebär att gynnande beslut endast kan ändras till fördel för den enskilde. Betungande beslut vinner som huvudregel inte negativ rättskraft och kan ändras i både mildrande och skärpande riktning. Det finns dock undantag för både gynnande och betungade beslut. I förvaltningslagen finns bestämmelser om rättelse och omprövning. I övrigt regleras beslutmyndigheters ändringsbefogenheter till största del av principer utvecklade genom praxis och sedvana. Det är en tämligen oordnad bild som framträder vid ett försök att redogöra för detta rättsmedel. I många fall föreligger ett något oklart rättsläge. Den gemensamma åsikten i doktrin är att det finns problem med nuvarande regler. Problemen uppkommer när myndigheter vill ändra tidigare fattade beslut. Frågor som är kopplade till negativ rättskraft, res judicata, litispendens och reformatio in pejus behandlas i uppsatsen. De många olika måltyperna i förvaltningsrätten har gjort att det tidigare har ansetts olämpligt att lösa problemen genom generellt tillämplig lagstiftning. I det nya förslaget på förvaltningslag SOU 2010:29 och i doktrin finns det dock enligt mig många goda lösningar på problemen. Några av dessa är att lagstadga om när gynnande förvaltningsbeslut får ändras till nackdel för enskilda, införa ett undantag för icke tidsbegränsade gynnande förvaltningsbeslut samt ta in regler som säger att alla negativa förvaltningsbeslut kan ändras om inte annat förskrivs i speciallag

Utredningsansvaret för förvaltningsmyndigheter och förvaltningsdomstolar - En jämförelse särskilt avseende socialförsäkringsmål

To what extent the individual should receive help and guidance from authorities in a matter or a case is an interesting and important question. It is significant because it can be important for individuals’ possibilities to exercise their rights. There must also be a balance between guidance and the public resources. Since the administrative law reform was introduced in the 1970s, the perception of this issue has changed while the law almost remains unchanged. The purpose of this paper is to investigate the meaning and scope of the responsibility that administrative authorities and administrative courts have for the investigation of the matter or the case and compare how these responsibilities differ between them. The major changes that have occurred have primarily targeted the administrative judicial procedure. Among other things, the wording of § 8 FPL has changed somewhat, Sweden has ratified the European Convention of the Human Right which has resulted in Article 6 have become part of Swedish law, dozens of new case types have been introduced, there is an increased amount of oral proceedings and the two-party proceeding has been introduced. It is therefore the administrative judicial procedure that has changed the most and it has had an impact on the court and how it should investigative its cases. The administrative authorities procedure has not changed in the same way. It is important to ensure the authorities' basic function and purpose in order to determine their investigative responsibilities. Both the administrative authorities and administrative courts shall apply legal standards. But administrative authorities should optimally and maximally realize the purpose and intention of the legislation while administrative courts only shall ensure the purpose of the legislation and provide legal protection for individuals by achieving substantive accurate decisions. The most obvious difference between the administrative authorities and the administrative courts in addition to their basic function is the legislation of their responsibilities. In social security cases that formal difference does not exist. Both authorities shall apply the principle of official responsibility but for administrative courts this is stated directly by the legislation. There is no equivalent legislation for administrative authorities and it is a shortcoming that needs to be addressed. Though in practice, the legislation should not make any difference in the responsibilities. The authorities’ responsibility should always be determined by the nature of the case or the matter. The nature depends on the circumstances. The meaning of "the nature" can be divided into the character, meaning the importance for whom it concerns, and the relative strength of the parties. There is an interaction between these two. But despite some differences, the most decisive factor is the importance of the matter or the case.I vilken utsträckning enskilda ska få hjälp och ledning av myndigheterna i ärenden och mål är en intressant och viktig fråga. Den har betydelse eftersom det kan vara avgörande för enskilda parters möjlighet att tillvarata sin rätt emot det allmänna. En avvägning måste även göras mot det allmännas resurser. Sedan förvaltningsreformens införande på 1970-talet har synen på denna fråga förändrats samtidigt som lagstiftningen i princip är oförändrad. Syftet med uppsatsen är att utreda innebörden och omfattningen av utredningsansvaret för förvaltningsmyndigheter och förvaltnings¬domstolar och jämföra hur ansvaret skiljer sig åt mellan instanserna. Det som har tillkommit inom området är framförallt sådant som har riktat sig mot förvaltningsprocessen. Bland annat har lydelsen av 8 § FPL förändrats något, Sverige har ratificerat Europakonventionen vilket har medfört att artikel 6 har blivit en del av svensk rätt, mängder av nya måltyper har tillförts processen, det finns ett ökat inslag av muntlighet och tvåpartsprocessen har införts. Först och främst är det alltså förvaltnings-processen som har förändrats och det har fått genomslag på hur domstolen bedriver sitt utredningsansvar. Förvaltningsmyndigheternas förfarande har inte förändrats på samma sätt utan istället kan utrednings¬ansvaret sägas ha tydliggjorts genom praxis. För att avgöra myndigheternas utredningsansvar är det viktigt att se till vilken funktion de har. Både förvaltningsmyndigheter och förvaltnings-domstolar ska tillämpa rättsliga normer. Däremot ska förvaltnings-myndigheterna optimalt och maximalt förverkliga lagstiftningens syfte och intentioner medan förvaltningsdomstolarna endast ska tillse syftet med lagstiftningen för att bereda enskilda rättsskydd genom att uppnå materiellt riktiga avgöranden. Den tydligaste skillnaden mellan instanserna utöver deras grundläggande funktion är lagstiftningen. För socialförsäkringsmålen finns inte denna formella skillnad. Instanserna ska tillämpa officialprincipen men för förvaltnings¬domstolarna framkommer detta direkt av 8 § FPL. Någon motsvarighet finns inte i FL och det är en brist som behöver åtgärdas trots att det genom utvecklingen i praxis inte bör göra någon skillnad i tillämpligheten av officialprincipen. Utredningsansvaret ska alltid avgöras utifrån omständigheterna i det enskilda fallet och ärendets eller målets beskaffenhet. Innebörden av beskaffenhet kan sedan brytas ner i karaktär, vad målet eller ärendet har för betydelse, och partsförhållandet. Det är en samverkan mellan båda dessa, men trots vissa skillnader mellan instanserna bör det avgörande vara vad målet eller ärendet har för betydelse, alltså hur stor inverkan utgången har för den det berör

An in situ set up for the detection of CO(2) from catalytic CO oxidation by using planar laser-induced fluorescence.

We report the first experiment carried out on an in situ setup, which allows for detection of CO(2) from catalytic CO oxidation close to a model catalyst under realistic reaction conditions by the means of planar laser-induced fluorescence (PLIF) in the mid-infrared spectral range. The onset of the catalytic reaction as a function of temperature was followed by PLIF in a steady state flow reactor. After taking into account the self-absorption of CO(2), a good agreement between the detected CO(2) fluorescence signal and the CO(2) mass spectrometry signal was shown. The observed difference to previously measured onset temperatures for the catalytic ignition is discussed and the potential impact of IR-PLIF as a detection technique in catalysis is outlined

Superpedagogen - En kvalitativ studie om lärares reflektioner kring att ta emot och integrera nyanlända elever

During the fall 2015, it was 114 000 people who applied for asylum in Sweden and the integration became a frequently discussed topic. The school is an area where there's high potential for the newly arrived students to create a network and to be integrated in the society. However, that's maybe not the case as the researDches say that the schools get more and more segregated. This study examines how teachers as street level bureaucrats, between the organization and the students, experience the work and how they use their discretion in the work with integrating newcomers. It is based on a qualitative method where qualitative interviews have been used. Six teachers in Skåne, who are working or has been working with newly arrived students in lower secondary school, have been interviewed about their experiences and feelings about the work with integrating newly arrived students. Through the interviews the result has shown that teachers are feeling excited and glad to work with newly arrived students. Even if they are excited about their work with integration they were also mentioning struggles with it. In the challenges, the teachers use their discretion differently. Things that were mentioned as challenges with integration of the newly arrived students were being inadequate for the students, not having the time or resources to do the work that they want to do. The teachers were also confused about who had the responsibility for different areas in the newly arrived student's life. Society and media's expectations on teachers are very high. Even if the teachers are trying to do their best, they still often feel inadequacy about their work. If the society wants to have a better integration for the newly arrived students in the school, there needs to be interventions that can help the teachers in their daily work with the newly arrived students

Oxygen induced faceting of Cu(911)

The oxidation of copper is essential for several fields, such as corrosion, catalytic methanol synthesis, and CO2 electroreduction. However, the understanding of the oxidation of copper under various conditions is not complete. Here, we study the oxidation of the vicinal Cu(911) surface by O2 with in-situ Surface X-ray Diffraction. It was found that the surface facets to (410), (401), and (100) which are stable in the parameter range of T = 25–400 \ub0C and p = 10−10–10−5 mbar O2. The (410) and (401) facets are present until the surface is further oxidized to Cu2O, at 10−5 mbar and above. These results further the knowledge on the oxidation of copper and its surfaces, which may be of importance for a wide range of applications

Steering Parameters for Rock Grouting

In Swedish tunnel grouting practice normally a fan of boreholes is drilled ahead of the tunnel front where cement grout is injected in order to create a low permeability zone around the tunnel. Demands on tunnel tightness have increased substantially in Sweden, and this has led to a drastic increase of grouting costs. Based on the flow equations for a Bingham fluid, the penetration of grout as a function of grouting time is calculated. This shows that the time scale of grouting in a borehole is only determined by grouting overpressure and the rheological properties of the grout, thus parameters that the grouter can choose. Pressure, grout properties, and the fracture aperture determine the maximum penetration of the grout. The smallest fracture aperture that requires to be sealed thus also governs the effective borehole distance. Based on the identified parameters that define the grouting time-scale and grout penetration, an effective design of grouting operations can be set up. The solution for time as a function of penetration depth is obtained in a closed form for parallel and pipe flow. The new, more intricate, solution for the radial case is presented

Text-to-intonation in spontaneous Swedish

This paper deals with a number of aspects of intonation in spontaneous dialogues in a language technology perspective. The key topics to be addressed are: I) the analysis of global intonation and its interaction with textual structure, II) the implementation of global and textual aspects of discourse intonation in an analysis-by-synthesis environment. We present models for the analyses of intonation and textual content in spontaneous conversations in Swedish. The models are implemented in a computational environment, making it possible to generate F0 contours, which can be imposed on a speech waveform using the PSOLA technique. The result is a text-to-intonation system, where textual and lexical analyses automatically generate hypothetical intonation contours, which can through resynthesis, and eventually be used in a text-to-speech system