Current legal issues: the phenomenon of social rights in the constitutional law in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe

The study includes an assessment of the effectiveness of state regulation of public relations in the countries of Central and Eastern Europe (CEE). The authors proceed from the traditional interpretation of social rights as a set of individual rights in the sphere of labor, social security, medical care, education, etc. The Phenomenon of social rights is studied by historical and comparative methods. Nevertheless, it was the socialist constitutions that put social rights at the top of the list of individual rights and reinforced them with a wide range of guarantees that allowed them to be realized. After the "velvet revolutions" of the late twentieth century, many CEE countries tried to preserve social rights in their new constitutions.El estudio incluye una evaluación de la efectividad de la regulación estatal de las relaciones públicas en los países de Europa Central y del Este (CEE). Los autores proceden de la interpretación tradicional de los derechos sociales como un conjunto de derechos individuales en la esfera del trabajo, la seguridad social, la atención médica, la educación, etc. El fenómeno de los derechos sociales se estudia por métodos históricos y comparativos. Sin embargo, fueron las constituciones socialistas las que colocaron los derechos sociales en la parte superior de la lista de derechos individuales y los reforzaron con una amplia gama de garantías que les permitieron hacerse realidad. Después de las "revoluciones de terciopelo" de finales del siglo XX, muchos países de ECO trataron de preservar los derechos sociales en sus nuevas constituciones

Integrative Proteomics and Metabolomics Analysis Reveals the Role of Small Signaling Peptide Rapid Alkalinization Factor 34 (RALF34) in Cucumber Roots

The main role of RALF small signaling peptides was reported to be the alkalization control of the apoplast for improvement of nutrient absorption; however, the exact function of individual RALF peptides such as RALF34 remains unknown. The Arabidopsis RALF34 (AtRALF34) peptide was proposed to be part of the gene regulatory network of lateral root initiation. Cucumber is an excellent model for studying a special form of lateral root initiation taking place in the meristem of the parental root. We attempted to elucidate the role of the regulatory pathway in which RALF34 is a participant using cucumber transgenic hairy roots overexpressing CsRALF34 for comprehensive, integrated metabolomics and proteomics studies, focusing on the analysis of stress response markers. CsRALF34 overexpression resulted in the inhibition of root growth and regulation of cell proliferation, specifically in blocking the G2/M transition in cucumber roots. Based on these results, we propose that CsRALF34 is not part of the gene regulatory networks involved in the early steps of lateral root initiation. Instead, we suggest that CsRALF34 modulates ROS homeostasis and triggers the controlled production of hydroxyl radicals in root cells, possibly associated with intracellular signal transduction. Altogether, our results support the role of RALF peptides as ROS regulators