Metallic Nanoparticles as Antimicrobials and Radiosensitizers: A Review

Nanoparticles have shown unique physical and chemical properties that have opened new era for chemotherapy, cancer therapy, and radiotherapy. As an improved technology for targeting tumors, it is suggested that nanoparticles can become clinically useful for radio sensitization and as an antimicrobials can be utilized in topical formulations such as ointments, gels, and creams. There are different types of nanoparticles involved in the treatment of cancer radiotherapy and tumor selective radiosensitizer which have been classified into different groups. One of the widest applications of nanoparticles is assigned to noble metal nanoparticles (MNPs) or metal-based radiosensitizers. MNPs are the entities of pure metals smaller than the scale of microns, that is, between 1 and 100 nm in size. These include gold, silver, zinc, platinum, iron, gadolinium, cerium, titanium, tantalum, Bismuth, Hafnium, and copper and their oxides, sulfides, phosphates, and chlorides. MNPs due to their unique physical and chemical characteristics such as large surface energy, larger surface-area-to-volume ratio, quantum confinement, and plasmon excitation have emerged as a powerful tool for bioimaging and diagnostic of cancer and other clinical applications. Therefore, this paper discusses the wider applications of metal-based nanoparticles in enhancing radiosensitivity in debt. Improving mechanistic approach and understanding in nanoparticles, the outcome of this study will be of enormous benefit in radiotherapy

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Not AvailableGrowth, biomass, carbon storage, and carbon sequestration potential along an age series in Populus deltoides plantations were assessed. The growth rate of diameter at breast height and height was higher in trees of 4 to 7 years and 2 to 5 years, respectively. The total aboveground biomass (AGB) increased with age and reached its maximum (180.2 Mg ha–1) at 11 years of age. Mean carbon concentration in aboveground components varied from 39.7% to 51.7%. Allometric equations were developed to estimate biomass and biomass carbon in different tree components, which had adjusted R squares greater than 94%. Aboveground carbon stocks in P. deltoides increased from 0.5 Mg ha–1 at 1 year to 90.1 Mg ha–1 at 11 years. The carbon sequestration rate (i.e. carbon sequestrated in wood products and by the substitution of biomass for coal) in mature plantations (7–11 years) varied from 5.8 to 6.5 Mg C ha–1 per year. Soil carbon stocks increased with age (1–11 years) from 61.2 to 66.8 Mg ha–1 and decreased with soil depth. Soil carbon stock in different ages of plantations varied from 63.9 to 83.8 Mg ha–1 at 0–30 cm depth, 57.5 to 60.1 Mg ha–1 at 30–60 cm depth, and 55.5 to 59.7 Mg ha–1 at 60–90 cm depth. The amount of total carbon stock (AGB and soil) increased from 64.4 Mg ha–1 at 1 year to 173.9 Mg ha–1 at 11 years. This study recommends P. deltoides planting as a viable option for sustainable production and carbon mitigation.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAbstract: Poplar (Populus deltoides) is one of the dominant and most preferred agroforestry species of the farming community of the Indo-Gangetic Region (IGR). The species is maintained at different rotation lengths depending upon farmers' management needs. The objective of the study was to compare carbon sequestration potential of poplar-based agroforestry systems in different parts of IGR using the CO2FIX model. Growth of trees, and yield of associated crops along with soil carbon, and litter fall were measured at Ludhiana (upper-IGR), Pantnagar (middle-IGR) and Pusa (lower-IGR). These data were used as inputs for CO2Fix model. Two rotation ages (6 and 9 years) were simulated for 54 years. The simulation results showed that biomass decreased by 62.50% in the upper IGR when rotation was reduced by three years from 9 to 6 years. Similarly the decrease was 56.57% and 43.18% in middle and lower IGR. The initial soil carbon pools were 7.8, 19.5 and 6.9 Mg ha-1 for upper, middle and lower IGR, respectively, which increased to 15.9, 22.7 and 15.0 Mg ha-1 by the end of 9th year; and 10.4, 18.8 and 12.3 Mg ha-1 by the end of the sixth year in first rotation. The net carbon sequestered was 47.2%, 51.7% and 31.4% less in 6 year rotation in upper, middle and lower IGR, respectively, as compared to 9 year rotation when compared for 54 years. The result suggests that in lower IGR shorter rotation of 6 years should be preferred and in upper IGR 9 year rotation is beneficial for carbon sequestration.Not Availabl

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Not AvailableAbstract: Poplar (Populus deltoides) is one of the dominant and most preferred agroforestry species of the farming community of the Indo-Gangetic Region (IGR). The species is maintained at different rotation lengths depending upon farmers’ management needs. The objective of the study was to compare carbon sequestration potential of poplar-based agroforestry systems in different parts of IGR using the CO2FIX model. Growth of trees, and yield of associated crops along with their area coverage, soil carbon, and litter fall were measured at Ludhiana (upper-IGR), Pantnagar (middle-IGR) and Pusa (lower-IGR). These data were used as inputs for CO2FIX. Two rotation ages (6 and 9 years) were simulated for 54 years. The simulation results showed that biomass decreased by 62.50% in the upper IGR when rotation was reduced by three years from 9 to 6 years. Similarly the decrease was 56.57% and 43.18% in middle and lower IGR. The initial soil carbon pools were 7.7, 19.5 and 6.9 Mg ha-1 For upper, middle and lower IGR, respectively, which increased to 15.9, 22.792 and 15.092 Mg ha by the end of 9th year; and 10.4, 18.8 and 12.3 Mg ha-1 by the end of the sixth year in first rotation. The net carbon sequestered was 47.2%, 51.7% and 31.4% less in 6 year rotation in upper, middle and lower IGR, respectively, as compared to 9 year rotation when compared for 54 years. The result suggests that in lower IGR shorter duration rotation of 6 years should be preferred and in upper IGR 9 year rotation is beneficial for carbon sequestration.Not Availabl