Treating disease without medicine

Nowadays unfortunately there are people with limited possibilities such as: problems with eyesight, deafness, lapse of memory, musculoskeletal system, and pathological nervous system damage (tremors, Parkinson‘s disease, etc.).Solution is found by inventors who came up with chip plugged right in brain or well-placed implants on one‘s spine, man could gain manual control of his organs — man could slow down or speed up his heart beating, turbo-charge his liver, or tweak just about any other function of body. It is all about modulating one‘s nervous system, to improve or fix an underlying problems and it is called neuromodulation

Treating disease without medicine

Nowadays unfortunately there are people with limited possibilities such as: problems with eyesight, deafness, lapse of memory, musculoskeletal system, and pathological nervous system damage (tremors, Parkinson‘s disease, etc.).Solution is found by inventors who came up with chip plugged right in brain or well-placed implants on one‘s spine, man could gain manual control of his organs — man could slow down or speed up his heart beating, turbo-charge his liver, or tweak just about any other function of body. It is all about modulating one‘s nervous system, to improve or fix an underlying problems and it is called neuromodulation

Demand, Values and Prices in Marx: Contrasting Simultaneous and Temporal Approaches

In this article I briefly contrast two single-system approaches to the integration of demand with a diachronic approach that integrates two meanings Marx develops for the term “socially necessary labor-time. I develop a one-commodity model of simple reproduction and use the model to illustrate how a change in aggregate demand from one period to the next affects the determination of value and exchange-value. I use the model to contrast the simultaneous single-system interpretation of the relationship between values and prices, which distinguishes market prices from prices of production, with the temporal single-system interpretation, which argues that market prices from the previous period determine values in the current period. I argue that the simultaneous approach is correct to claim that value and exchange-value are determined with reference to production and exchange in the current period; the temporal approach is correct to argue that in order to develop a dynamic theory of price adjustment using value categories, it is necessary to refer to value magnitudes from the previous period and to theorize how value is transferred temporally between periods. I show that by utilizing a diachronic approach and introducing demand in the manner Marx suggests in Chapter 10 of Volume III of Capital, it is possible consistently to model the relationship between value and exchange-value over time with variations in the level of demand. I conclude by identifying further conceptual developments needed to assess the three alternative approache

Post-Structural Logic in Marx\u27s Theory of Value

In this essay I use Louis Althusser’s observation concerning the synchrony and diachrony of Marx’s logic in Capital to detail changes in the meaning of value, defined as socially necessary abstract labor time, throughout the three volumes of Capital. I use this analysis to identify three common types of logical error in reading Marx that result from failing to recognize this aspect of his methodology, and I provide examples to illustrate each of these common errors. I then argue that, by recognizing the synchrony and diachrony of Marx’s method, it is possible to read value theory in a way that is noneconomistic but that retains value and class as central concepts in the understanding of the social totality

Case Studies of Actually Existing Communism: Mulder\u27s Transcending Capitalism through Cooperative Practices

In Transcending Capitalism through Cooperative Practices, Catherine Mulder examines the class processes utilized by six different cooperative enterprises. In so doing, she provides insight into theoretical debates concerning the role of class processes, property relations, and decision making in poststructuralist Marxian analysis. At the same time, she provides evidence to inform Marxian literature on the viability of communist enterprises and the types of institutional support that lead to greater viability. This review summarizes Mulder’s contribution to the theory and practice of actually existing communism

Money is Time: The Monetary Expression of Value in Marx\u27s Theory of Value

In this article, I derive the monetary expression of value based upon commodity money and use it to translate values and exchange values from units of labor into units of money. While this analysis has been done at the initial stage of Marx’s analysis where he assumes that commodities exchange in proportion to their values, I derive the monetary expression of value at the more developed stage of Marx’s 10 analysis where commodities exchange according to prices of production. I then develop a macroeconomic measure of the monetary expression of value and link the micro- and macroeconomic determination of the monetary expression of value. In so doing I provide a conceptual basis for defining the monetary expression of value using contemporary non-commodity money

Value, Cooperatives, and Class Justice

In this article I argue that elimination of exploitation at the firm level is necessary to eliminate exploitation, but is not sufficient, in and of itself, to support class justice. I distinguish exploitation as one of several aspects in the more inclusive category of class justice developed by George DeMartino. I then demonstrate that when the formation and distribution of value at the more complex level of Marx’s analysis in volume 3 of Capital is considered, workers may collectively appropriate surplus value but nonetheless be subject to an unfair redistribution of labor time. I use the example of the Mondrago ́n cooperatives to illustrate the type of institution needed to address the reallocation of labor and the class injustice it entails. I end by speculating on how the concept of value needs to be reconsidered when we move beyond thinking about market exchange as the primary means by which labor is allocated beyond capitalism

Value and Method in Desai\u27s Geopolitical Economy

This essay identifies the key conceptual contributions of Radhika Desai’s important and insightful analysis in her book, Geopolitical Economy. It then critically engages two key elements of her contribution: her characterization of Western Marxism and a methodological economism and theoretical essentialism that this essay argues have the unintended effect of reinforcing a marginalization of Marxism that her work is intended to redress

Opening the System: (Re)Writing Value Theory Discursively

In this article I argue that modern and postmodern critics of value theory share the premise that Marx’s theory of value disables the project of emancipatory social change. The modern critics claim the theory is logically flawed and must be either resituated in a consistent logical framework or replaced by a Sraffian alternative. The postmodern critics claim that the theory is necessarily reductionist and excludes or renders secondary important axes of social struggle. I argue that by using a poststructural logic, Marx’s theory of value can be interpreted in a way that both overcomes the perceived consistencies of the modern critics and is nonreductionist, allowing for the integration of noneconomic aspects of social struggle