Some Useful Synthetic Applications of Gold\u27s Reagent

While looking for some appropriate research projects, I had been impressed by and interested in the work of Danishefsky1 and others2 regarding the use of Eschenmoser\u27s salt (1). During the course of a literature search on an industrial project, we came across an article by Gold,3 which described the preparation of a rather interesting vinylogous iminium salt (2). The name assigned to this compound was [3-(dimethylamino)-2-azaprop-2-en-1-ylidene]dimethylammonium chloride. This terminology seemed a little cumbersome for routine discussions so we adopted the name Gold\u27s Reagent for compound 2. Although the reagent had been prepared3 in 1960, very little research4 had been performed on this substance in the intervening years. We therefore decided to begin an exhaustive study to delineate and define what, if any, useful synthetic chemistry could be developed from Gold\u27s Reagent

Insecticides Based on Differences in Metabolic Pathways

Insects have been major pests of humankind at least since the beginning of recorded history. To this day insects continue to cause problems in domestic, agricultural, and health situations. It is no wonder that people have continually sought new solutions to controlling insect pests. Even when new control methods are discovered and established, insects evolve into resistant species so that the method is only of real value for a few brief years. Modern science and technology are now enabling scientists to tear away the fabric that has so long masked physiological and biochemical events critical to insects. Armed with this new knowledge, researchers should be able to develop novel control strategies that focus on key physiological, biological, and biochemical events such that they can be altered, influenced, disrupted, and/or inhibited. Three promising areas that may lead or are currently leading to new insect control methods are the cuticle, prostaglandins, and steroids. We discuss each of these areas in regard to their biological significance, current research, metabolic inhibitors and their modes of action

Process for the production of 2-alkyl or 2-cycloalkyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidines

Production of 2-alkyl or 2-cycloalkyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxy pyrimidines by sequentially reacting without isolation of any intermediates in an organic solvent (1) diketene and ammonia to produce .beta.-aminocrotonamide and (2) .beta.-aminocrotonamide, after water removal therefrom, a lower alkanoic or cycloalkanoic acid ester and an alkali metal alkoxide

Method for Direct Preparation for 1,2,4-Triazole from Hydrazine and Formamide

Process for the preparation of 1,2,4-triazole comprises contacting hydrazine or its aqueous solutions with at least about 2.5 moles of formamide at a temperature of 140° to 210° C. and then recovering the resultant 1,2,4- triazole in yields of 92-98% with 94-98% purity. The formamide is maintained in an excess over about the 2.5 molar amount consumed in the reaction with the hydrazine. Recovery steps for isolating the 1,2,4-triazole are disclosed

Transition to adulthood for homeless adolescents

Education plays a critical role in how adolescents mature into adults. A vulnerable, and often forgotten, sub-population of the poor is homeless youth, for whom lack of a stable or adequate residence creates a unique set of educational barriers. The Center for Higher Education Policy Analysis (CHEPA) spent 18 months documenting the experiences of homeless adolescents in Los Angeles, deriving data from 123 interviews with homeless adolescents between the ages of 14 and 19, and an additional 45 interviews with shelter staff, social workers, parents, teachers, and school district administrators. Follow-up interviews were conducted with 30 of the youth to understand their experiences in greater depth. Over 400 hours were dedicated to observing the daily lives of homeless youth. The project had two primary goals: (1) To give a voice to homeless youth who are frequently powerless and invisible; and (2) To initiate a dialog with policymakers and practitioners concerning the improvement of educational policy as it pertains to homeless youth. The following research questions framed the analysis: (1) What are the lives of homeless adolescents like? (2) How do homeless youth conceptualize themselves? (3) How do they spend their time? (4) How do they negotiate educational and social barriers? (5) How do they create support systems in and out of school? and (6) What are the different factors they prioritize as crucial to their development? The authors conclude that the current educational system is either irrelevant or hostile to the daily needs of homeless youth. Based on study findings, the authors suggest that policy conversation needs to turn towards addressing specific educational needs to prevent youth from being trapped in a cycle of homelessness. The creation of alternative educational opportunities, mentoring programs, and closer working relationships between shelters and schools warrants greater public discussion on federal, state, and local levels. (Contains 5 boxes and 1 table.) [This research was supported by the John Randolph Haynes and Dora Haynes Foundation.]https://scholarlycommons.pacific.edu/ed-facbooks/1005/thumbnail.jp

Efficient and General Synthesis of Novel β-Polyfluoroalkoxy Vinamidinium Salts

Novel β-polyfluoroalkoxy vinamidinium salts 3 and/or 4 were synthesized in good yields by the reaction of N-(2- polyfluoroalkoxy-3 ,3-difluoro-1-propenyI)trimethylammonium iodides (2), prepared from N-(2,3,3-trifluoro-1-propenyl)trimethylammonium iodide (1), with secondary amines in MeCN at 70 °C for 1 h. The salts were also obtainable in comparable yields by the one-pot reaction of 1 with sodium polyfluoroalkoxide followed by treatment with amines

Photochemical Rearrangements of 6/5 -Fused Cross-conjugated Cyclohexadiensnes in Protic Solvents

Irradiation of the ring A unsubstituted 6/5-fused cross-conjugated cyclohexadienone (1a) and its 2-methyl derivative (1b) in methanolic acetic acid yields, in addition to other products, novel tricyclononane derivatives which have been assigned the structures (3a) and (3b)

Process for the production of 2-alkyl or 2-cycloalkyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidines

Production of 2-alkyl or 2-cycloalkyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxy pyrimidines by first reacting diketene and lower alkanoic or cycloalkanoic acid amides in the presence of catalytic amounts of Lewis bases or Lewis or Bronsted acids, followed by treating the N-acetoacetyl (lower) alkanoic or cycloalkanoic acid amide intermediates with ammonia in the presence of acid catalysts

Effects of a Pyrrole-Based, Microtubule-Depolymerizing Compound on RAW 264.7 Macrophages

RAW 264.7 murine macrophages were exposed to the pyrrole-based compound 3,5-Dibromo-4-(3,4-dimethoxyphenyl)-1H-pyrrole-2-carboxylic acid ethyl ester (JG-03-14), which is a known microtubule depolymerizing agent with antitumor activity [1,2,3]. In this study exposure to JG-03-14 reduced the production of pro-inflammatory molecules by macrophages activated with lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Treatment with the pyrrole-based compound decreased the concentration of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and nitric oxide (NO) released from the macrophages. Exposure to JG-03-14 also decreased TNF-α mRNA expression levels and the protein expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS), the enzyme responsible for NO production in the activated macrophages. Furthermore, JG-03-14 treatment significantly changed the degradation profile of IκB-β, an inhibitor of the NF-κB transcription factor, which suggests that JG-03–14 may attenuate the activation of the LPS-induced NF-κB signaling pathway needed to produce the pro-inflammatory mediators. We conclude that JG-03-14 possesses anti-inflammatory properties

A Process for the Production of 2-Alkyl or 2-Cycloalkyl-4-methyl-6-hydroxypyrimidines

Production of 2-alkyl- or cycloalkyl-4-methyl-6- hydroxypyrimidines by first neutralizing an alkyl imidate ester hydrochloride with a base in the presence of a water-immiscible solvent for the alkyl imidate ester to be freed thereby; condensing the alkyl imidate ester with diketene to form an oxazinone intermediate, which is then reacted in organic solution with gaseous ammonia and recovering the desired substituted 6-hydroxypyrimidine