Performance of Indian Manufacturing in the Post Reform Period

Many emerging countries in recent decades have relied on a development strategy that focused primarily on promoting the manufacturing sector and the exports of manufactured goods. However, an acceleration of growth of output and employment in manufacturing has eluded India. This is despite the fact that the central focus of the reforms in the 1980s and 1990s was to unshackle the manufacturing sector. Instead it is the services sector which has grown rapidly, contributing about two-third of GDP growth in recent years. This paper discusses the reasons behind the modest performance of the manufacturing sector in India post reforms. It argues that there are many factors that have inhibited the growth of industrial sector in India. One major factor is the rigid and strict labor laws which have affected the industrial performance in a number of ways, by keeping the size of the establishments small, by not encouraging the production of labor intensive goods, by pushing activities to the unorganized sector, and by keeping the Indian industry uncompetitive. Besides the labor laws other factors that are responsible for the modest performance of the manufacturing sector include difficulty in the acquisition of land for industrial use, inadequate financing and infrastructure, and cumbersome business climate. The paper presents arguments and evidence which shows the importance of these factors.Delicesning, employment, growth, India, infrastructure, labor market regulations, liberalization, manufacturing, reforms, services

What Constrains Indian Manufacturing?

India has undertaken extensive reforms in its manufacturing sector in the last two decades. However, an acceleration of growth in manufacturing, and a concomitant increase in employment, has eluded India. What might be holding the sector back? Using Annual Survey of Industries data at the three-digit level and difference in estimates this paper finds that the post-reform performance of the manufacturing sector is heterogeneous across industries. In particular, industries dependent on infrastructure or external finance, and labour-intensive industries have not been able to reap the maximum benefits of reforms. The results point to the importance of infrastructure development and financial sector development for the manufacturing sectors growth to accelerate further. They also emphasize the need to clearly identify and address the factors inhibiting the growth of labour-intensive industries.De-licensing, external finance dependence, infrastructure intensity, labour intensity, manufacturing, Reforms

Big Reforms but Small Payoffs: Explaining the Weak Record of Growth and Employment in Indian Manufacturing

India has undertaken extensive reforms in its manufacturing sector over the last two decades. However, an acceleration of growth in manufacturing, and a corresponding increase in employment, has eluded India. Why have the reforms not produced the intended results? Using Annual Survey of Industries data at the three digit level for major Indian states, for 1980-2004, we analyze the effects of the reforms that liberalized India’s industrial licensing regime on the performance of registered manufacturing. We find that the performance of the manufacturing sector is heterogeneous across states, as well as across industries. In particular, labor intensive industries and industries dependent on infrastructure have not benefited much from reforms. Industrial performance appears to be contingent on the state specific policy and economic environment. States with relatively inflexible labor regulations have experienced slower growth of labor-intensive industries and slower employment growth overall. Additionally, states with relatively competitive product market regulations and with better infrastructure have experienced larger benefits from reforms.India; Manufacturing; Product Market Deregulation; Labor Laws, Infrastructure

Buffer overflow attacks & countermeasures

Often security website’ headlines read: "Buffer overflow in vendor’s product allows intruders to take over computer!” What can software engineering education do about this situation? In this document we have tried to point out how dangerous buffer overflow attacks can be and the amount of damage they are capable of incurring. We have shown several vulnerable applications both past as well as recent. The objective of this study is to take one inside the buffer overflow attack and bridge the gap between the “descriptive account” and the “technically intensive account”. The intent is to provide a logical, detailed, and technical explanation of the buffer overflow problem and the exploit that can be well understood by all. We have successfully coded several exploits and developed programs to demonstrate the effectiveness of such attacks

Unique Brain Network Identification Number for Parkinson's Individuals Using Structural MRI

We propose a novel algorithm called Unique Brain Network Identification Number (UBNIN) for encoding brain networks of individual subject. To realize this objective, we employed T1-weighted structural MRI of 180 Parkinson's disease (PD) patients from National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences, India. We parcellated each subject's brain volume and constructed individual adjacency matrix using correlation between grey matter (GM) volume of every pair of regions. The unique code is derived from values representing connections of every node (i), weighted by a factor of 2^-(i-1). The numerical representation UBNIN was observed to be distinct for each individual brain network, which may also be applied to other neuroimaging modalities. This model may be implemented as neural signature of a person's unique brain connectivity, thereby useful for brainprinting applications. Additionally, we segregated the above dataset into five age-cohorts: A:22-32years, B:33-42years, C:43-52years, D:53-62years and E:63-72years to study the variation in network topology over age. Sparsity was adopted as the threshold estimate to binarize each age-based correlation matrix. Connectivity metrics were obtained using Brain Connectivity toolbox-based MATLAB functions. For each age-cohort, a decreasing trend was observed in mean clustering coefficient with increasing sparsity. Significantly different clustering coefficient was noted between age-cohort B and C (sparsity: 0.63,0.66), C and E (sparsity: 0.66,0.69). Our findings suggest network connectivity patterns change with age, indicating network disruption due to the underlying neuropathology. Varying clustering coefficient for different cohorts indicate that information transfer between neighboring nodes change with age. This provides evidence on age-related brain shrinkage and network degeneration.Comment: 9 pages, 5 figures,1 algorithm, 1 main table, 1 appendix tabl

Performance of Indian Manufacturing in the Post Reform Period

Many emerging countries in recent decades have relied on a development strategy that focused primarily on promoting the manufacturing sector and the exports of manufactured goods. However, an acceleration of growth of output and employment in manufacturing has eluded India. This is despite the fact that the central focus of the reforms in the 1980s and 1990s was to unshackle the manufacturing sector. Instead it is the services sector which has grown rapidly, contributing about two-third of GDP growth in recent years. This paper discusses the reasons behind the modest performance of the manufacturing sector in India post reforms. It argues that there are many factors that have inhibited the growth of industrial sector in India. One major factor is the rigid and strict labor laws which have affected the industrial performance in a number of ways, by keeping the size of the establishments small, by not encouraging the production of labor intensive goods, by pushing activities to the unorganized sector, and by keeping the Indian industry uncompetitive. Besides the labor laws other factors that are responsible for the modest performance of the manufacturing sector include difficulty in the acquisition of land for industrial use, inadequate financing and infrastructure, and cumbersome business climate. The paper presents arguments and evidence which shows the importance of these factors

Performance of Indian Manufacturing in the Post Reform Period

Many emerging countries in recent decades have relied on a development strategy that focused primarily on promoting the manufacturing sector and the exports of manufactured goods. However, an acceleration of growth of output and employment in manufacturing has eluded India. This is despite the fact that the central focus of the reforms in the 1980s and 1990s was to unshackle the manufacturing sector. Instead it is the services sector which has grown rapidly, contributing about two-third of GDP growth in recent years. This paper discusses the reasons behind the modest performance of the manufacturing sector in India post reforms. It argues that there are many factors that have inhibited the growth of industrial sector in India. One major factor is the rigid and strict labor laws which have affected the industrial performance in a number of ways, by keeping the size of the establishments small, by not encouraging the production of labor intensive goods, by pushing activities to the unorganized sector, and by keeping the Indian industry uncompetitive. Besides the labor laws other factors that are responsible for the modest performance of the manufacturing sector include difficulty in the acquisition of land for industrial use, inadequate financing and infrastructure, and cumbersome business climate. The paper presents arguments and evidence which shows the importance of these factors

Design of an Efficient Memristor-based Dynamic Exclusive-OR gate.

In this paper, an efficient memristor-based dynamic logic design for an Exclusive-OR gate is proposed. The proposed realization reduces the number of cascaded stages and component count thereby providing an overall performance improvement. The performance of the proposed design is compared with the most recent existing design through LTspice software simulations at 32 nm technology node in terms of total power consumption, average propagation delay, and number of components used in the implementation. The outcomes depict that the proposed design consumes 57 % reduced power and provides faster operation with 5.09 % improvement in propagation delay in comparison to its existing counterpart. Further, the robustness of the proposed design is verified by performing technology and capacitance variation. The results show the impeccable performance of proposed design across different load capacitance and technology nodes

A case series of oleander poisoning: challenges faced by emergency physicians in developing countries

Objective: Through the reporting of this case series, we aim to establish whether a conservative approach, through managing arrhythmias and vital signs, can be reliably used as a treatment modality for oleander poisoning in developing countries. Methods: This study is a case series of 11 patients who presented with oleander poisoning and were conservatively managed in the absence of standard antidote. Results: All 11 patients treated with conservative approach survived. Conservative approach included use of atropine for management of symptomatic bradycardia followed by Dopamine infusion, correction of serum potassium and magnesium levels, standby defibrillation, and transvenous pacing. Conclusion: The absence of reliable dosage of poison ingested, the lack of facilities for serum digoxin estimation, and the unavailability of digoxin fab antibodies pose challenges for the management of patients with oleander poisoning. Patients can, however, be managed conservatively following the Advanced Cardiac Life Support (ACLS) algorithm in a setting that lacks the standard treatment of this poison

Big Reforms but Small Payoffs: Explaining the Weak Record of Growth and Employment in Indian Manufacturing

India has undertaken extensive reforms in its manufacturing sector over the last two decades. However, an acceleration of growth in manufacturing, and a corresponding increase in employment, has eluded India. Why have the reforms not produced the intended results? Using Annual Survey of Industries data at the three digit level for major Indian states, for 1980-2004, we analyze the effects of the reforms that liberalized India’s industrial licensing regime on the performance of registered manufacturing. We find that the performance of the manufacturing sector is heterogeneous across states, as well as across industries. In particular, labor intensive industries and industries dependent on infrastructure have not benefited much from reforms. Industrial performance appears to be contingent on the state specific policy and economic environment. States with relatively inflexible labor regulations have experienced slower growth of labor-intensive industries and slower employment growth overall. Additionally, states with relatively competitive product market regulations and with better infrastructure have experienced larger benefits from reforms