Political Behavior of the Tribal Youth: A Study

In spite of the rapid and well-sustained political socialisation and in spite of the high level of political attitudes among these youth, the level of tribal yout political recruitment is dismally low.  An attempt has been made to investigate the reasons for this lapse.  Though it needs further investigation into the matter to arrive at more concrete factors which retard tribal youth participation in politics.The present investigation is aimed at understanding the levels of political attitudes and political participation of the tribal youth of the Maharashtra pursuing higher education. An earnest attempt has thoroughly been made to arrive at conclusions from the data, systematically collected and scientifically analyzed.  In order to be precise in making observations and to have clarity in making conclusions, the study is categorized into two broad domains.  The first one deals with the political attitudes in terms of social, educational and economic aspects of the tribal youth and the second part deals with the level of political participation and the political apathy in respect of these youth. Keywords: Youth, Tribal, Political behavior, Maharashtra, awareness, political attitud

Tribal Development in India - Status and Strategies

India has the worlds’ second largest tribal population next only to the African continent.  As per the census of 2001, Scheduled Tribes population constitute 84.32 million which is about 8.2 percent of India’s population.  There are 664 tribal communities of which 75 are categorized as primitive Tribal Groups.  The tribal communities speak in about 105 native languages.  It is estimated that the tribals inhabit in about 15% of the geographical area of the country.  A vast majority of the tribal population of the country is concentrated in eight states viz., Madhya Pradesh, Orissa, Andhra Pradesh, Maharastra, Bihar, Gujarat, Rajasthan and West Bengal.The principal goal of tribal development policy is to create sustainable improvement in the quality of life among tribal people.  Much emphasis is given to beneficiary oriented programmes to facilitate increase in per capita income of tribal families.  Attempts are also made to reduce economic disparities, increase education levels and also expand accessibility to health services.  Inspite of all these attempts, tribal people continue to earn their livelihood by practicing traditional professions viz.,  sale of minor forest produce, grazing of livestock, sale of agricultural and household implements, dispensation of herbal medicines, rendition of folk arts, singing devotional songs etc

Education and Health Practices of Warli Tribes: A Case Study

Education enables the scheduled tribes who happen to be backward to acquire knowledge about the individual’s environment, development avenues, and programmes being implemented for their well-being. Adult education in India does not end with providing literacy, functionality and awareness. It extends further leading to life long education and continuing education. The scope of adult education extends to all sections of the community and adult education is a pre-condition to accelerate the pace and magnitude of development especially among the scheduled tribes.Health education can be defined as that part of health care, that is concerned with promoting health behaviour. It is a process that informs, motivates and helps people to adapt and maintain healthy practices and life styles, advocates environmental changes as needed to facilitate this goal and conducts professional training and research to the same end. Health education encourages behaviour that promotes health, prevents illness, cures diseases and facilitates rehabilitation. The needs and interests of individuals, families groups, organisations and communities form the core of Health Education Programme. It is rightly said, that the roots of Health Education are two in number. One, is the basic sciences which deal with Health Knowledge. It is essential, that people are oriented in the various components of health namely, human biology, nutrition, hygiene consisting of personal and environmental hygiene, family health care, control of communicable and non-communicable diseases, mental health, prevention of accidents and use of the Health Services. The second is the behavioural sciences like Sociology, Psychology and Social Anthropology. Health Education brings together, the art and science of Medicine, and the Principles and practice of General Education. Education is primarily a matter of Communication. So, Health Education uses the various channels of communication, like audio-visual aids, group discussions, individual counselling etc. The objective is to create an awareness in the people, then to generate interest in them and ultimately motivate them to adopt the health practices in their own lives. In this paper authors will explain the status of education and health practices of the Warli Tribes of the Maharashtra

Influence of Attitude, School Facilities and Teacher Characteristics on the Performance of Secondary School Teachers Working in Rural Areas

The successful running of any education system depends upon the teacher, the pupil, the curriculum and the facilities.  Teacher is the most important one and the pivot on whom the entire educational structure rests. For many teachers this is earnestly to be hoped; with regard to others, it is a despairing thought.  It seems reasonable to assume that good teachers – those who are skilful in developing understanding of the world in which man lives, in rightful with respect to the ways and means of stimulating intellectual appetites and capable of patience, understanding and sincere feelings for others – may pave the way for an enlightened and productive society.  Poor teaching – contrariwise would seem to be significant contributor of its unfortunate share to the perpetuation of ignorance, misunderstanding and intellectual and cultural stagnation. A teacher who is considered to be competent i.e. possessing all the desirable / required characteristics and attitude may also fail to perform his duties to the expected level.  A competent teacher who works in a congenial atmosphere having all the facilities a standard school requires, stands a better chance of giving an amazing performance than a teacher who is equally competent but short of such a school atmosphere and school facilities.  The secondary school education is a critical phase, as it is preparatory time for higher education or for vocational training. Moreover the pupils will be in their adolescence which is viewed as a crucial stage in their lives.  The efficient teachers are essential during this period.  Efficient teaching depends upon attitude, school facilities and teacher characteristics to some extent. Keeping this in view, the present investigation is proposed to study the influence of attitude, school facilities and teacher characteristics on the performance of teachers working in secondary schools located in rural areas of Visakhapatnam district, Andhra Pradesh State

The Puzzling Conservation and Diversification of Lipid Droplets from Bacteria to Eukaryotes

International audienceMembrane compartments are amongst the most fascinating markers of cell evolution from prokaryotes to eukaryotes, some being conserved and the others having emerged via a series of primary and secondary endosymbiosis events. Membrane compartments comprise the system limiting cells (one or two membranes in bacteria, a unique plasma membrane in eukaryotes) and a variety of internal vesicular, subspherical, tubular, or reticulated organelles. In eukaryotes, the internal membranes comprise on the one hand the general endomembrane system, a dynamic network including organelles like the endoplasmic reticulum, the Golgi apparatus, the nuclear envelope, etc. and also the plasma membrane, which are linked via direct lateral connectivity (e.g. between the endoplasmic reticulum and the nuclear outer envelope membrane) or indirectly via vesicular trafficking. On the other hand, semiautonomous organelles, i.e. mitochondria and chloroplasts, are disconnected from the endomembrane system and request vertical transmission following cell division. Membranes are organized as lipid bilayers in which proteins are embedded. The budding of some of these membranes, leading to the formation of the so-called lipid droplets (LDs) loaded with hydrophobic molecules, most notably triacylglycerol, is conserved in all clades. The evolution of eukaryotes is marked by the acquisition of mitochondria and simple plastids from Gram-positive bacteria by primary endosymbiosis events and the emergence of extremely complex plastids, collectively called secondary plastids, bounded by three to four membranes, following multiple and independent secondary endosymbiosis events. There is currently no consensus view of the evolution of LDs in the Tree of Life. Some features are conserved; others show Josselin Lupette and Eric Maréchal contributed equally with all other contributors