Investigations on Energy Efficiency for WSN Routing Protocols for Realistic Radio Models

In this paper, we have extended the Prowler simulator by integrating different realistic radio models into it and comparatively analyzed the effect of the channel behavior on the network layer specifically the WSN routing protocols. The simulation results indicate that the CF protocol consumes the highest energy amongst all the protocols in case of RMGMF while RTS protocol has the highest energy efficiency in case of NRM. Thus it has been concluded that the RTS protocol can be applied to achieve energy efficient routing in wireless sensor networks

Interface induced perpendicular magnetic anisotropy in Co/CoO/Co thin film structure: An in-situ MOKE investigation

Co /CoO/Co polycrystalline film was grown on Si (001) substrate and magnetic properties have been investigated using in-situ magneto-optic Kerr effect during growth of the sample. Magnetic anisotropy with easy axis perpendicular to the film surface has been observed in top Co layer, whereas bottom layer was found to be soft with in-plane magnetization without any influence of top layer. Ex-situ in-plane and out-of-plane diffraction measurements revealed that the growth of Co on oxidized interface takes place with preferential orientation of c-axis perpendicular to the film plane, which results in the observed perpendicular magnetic anisotropy. Texturing of the c-axis is expected to be a result of minimization of the interface energy due to hybridization between Co and oxygen at the interface.Comment: 9 pages, 3 figures, under review in IOP journa

Historic Developments, Current Technologies and Potential of Nanotechnology to Develop Next Generation Solar Cells with Improved Efficiency

Sun is the continuous source of renewable energy, from where we can get abundant of solar energy. Concept of conversionof solar energy into heat was used back in 200 B.C. since then, the solar cells have been developed which can convert solar energy into theelectrical energy and these systems have been produced commercially. The technologies to enhance the power conversion efficiency (PCE)have been continuously improved. Different technologies used for developing solar cells can be categorized either on the basis of materialused or techniques of technology development which is further termed as ‘first generation' (e.g. crystalline silicon), ‘second generation'(thin films of Amorphous silicon, Copper indium gallium selenide, Cadmium telluride), ‘Third generation' (Concentrated, Organic and Dyesensitize solar cell). These technologies give PCE up to 25% depending on the technology and the materials used. Nanotechnology enablesthe use of nanomaterial whose size is below 100 nm with extraordinary properties which has the capability to enhance the PCE to greaterextent. Various nanomaterials like Quantum Dots, Quantum well, carbon nanotubes, Nanowire and graphene have been used to makeefficient and economical solar cells, which not only provide high conversion efficiency economically but also are easy to produce. Today,by using nanotechnology, conversion efficiency up to 44.7 % has been achieved by Fraunhofer Institute at Germany. In this review article,we have reviewed the literature including various patents and publications, summarized the history of solar cell development, developmentof different technologies and rationale of their development highlighting the advantages and challenges involved in their development forcommercial purpose. We have also included the recent developments in solar cell research where different nanomaterials have beendesigned and used successfully to prove their superiority over conventional systems

Joule heating as a technique for obtaining uncoupled soft and hard magnetic phases in a Finemet alloy

A detailed study on the microstructural evolution of the Fe73.9Cu0.9Nb3.1Si13.2B8.9 Finemet alloy upon Joule heating and its correlation with the magnetic properties is reported. Mössbauer spectroscopy suggests the coexistence of soft nonstoichiometric Fe3Si and hard iron boride magnetic phases. The uncoupled magnetic character of these phases is evidenced by dc-hysteresis loop measurements. X-ray diffraction results display an excellent agreement with the magnetic characterization. The magnetic contribution of the soft phase has been decreased from 70% to 10% with increasing annealing current and time. The switching field value for the soft magnetic phase is 50 A/m, which is very less as compared to 2000 A/m, for the hard magnetic phase. Existence of uncoupled soft and hard magnetic phases makes these systems suitable for use as magnetic labels

Resonance enhancement of x-rays and fluorescence yield from marker layers in thin films

Resonance enhancement of x rays in a thin film and fluorescence emission from embedded marker layers within the film have been studied. With embedded marker layers of Ti, Fe, and W at different depths in a thin Si film on a Au-coated Si substrate, it has been shown that the position of a marker layer throughout the depth of the film can be unambiguously determined with a precision better than 0.5 nm. In this example, field-intensity enhancement upto 16 times have been observed. Field enhancement gives rise to enhanced sensitivity. The usefulness of this resonance-enhanced x-ray fluorescence spectrometry in the study of diffusion with marker layers in thin films including polymers and nanocomposites has been elucidated

Chloroquine delivery to erythrocytes in Plasmodium berghei-infected mice using antibody-bearing liposomes as drug vehicles

Suitability of anti-erythrocyte F(ab')2-bearing liposomes as vehicles for chloroquine in the treatment of chloroquine resistantPlasmodium berghei infections in mice has been examined. Free chloroquine or chloroquine encapsulated in antibody-free liposomes failed to show much effect on the resistant infections, but the same doses of this drug after being encapsulated in antibody-bearing liposomes exhibited a significant inhibitory effect on this infection. These results indicate that chloroquine delivery in antibody targeted liposomes may help in the successful treatment of the chloroquine resistant malarial infections

Applications of the non-dominated sorting genetic algorithm (NSGA) in chemical reaction engineering

Most of the chemical reaction engineering optimization problems encounters more than one objective functions. A considerable amount of research has been reported on the multiobjective optimization of various chemical reactors using various non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms. This is reviewed in this paper. The introduction of the topic is given at the beginning, followed by the description of multi-objective optimization and Pareto set. We have then discussed various non-dominated sorting genetic algorithms and its applications in chemical reaction engineering. Some comments are also made on the future research direction in this area