Effect of Deep Cryogenic Time on Martensite Multi-Level Microstructures and Mechanical Properties in AISI M35 High-Speed Steel

High-speed steel is widely used for cutting tools due to its convenience of preparation and cost-effectiveness. Previous research has shown that deep cryogenic treatments improve the mechanical properties of high-speed steel, due to the transformation of the residual austenite and the precipitation of carbide, while few studies have researched martensitic changes. The variations in martensite multi-level microstructures in AISI M35 high-speed steel, treated over different deep cryogenic time periods, were investigated in this study. Meanwhile, the effect of these variations on the mechanical properties of the selected steel was discussed. It was found that prolonging deep cryogenic time facilitated an increase in dislocation, low-angle grain boundary, and the coincident-site lattice boundary (especially the twin boundary) of martensite. The size of the martensite block (db) and lath (dl) decreased with deep cryogenic time. However, the effect on the microstructure was limited when the cryogenic treatment time exceeded 5 h. The increase in dislocation decreased the temperature for carbide precipitation and promoted fine carbide precipitation during tempering. The refinement of martensite multi-level microstructures and the greater precipitation of fine carbides gave the tempered specimens excellent impact toughness. The impact toughness of the tempered samples undergoing deep cryogenic treatment for more than 5 h was about 32% higher than the sample without deep cryogenic treatment

Revealing the Early Forming Behaviors of a Carbon-Fiber-Reinforced Aluminum Foam through Synchrotron X-ray

The effect of copper-coated carbon fiber (Cf) on the foaming behavior of aluminum foam prepared by the powder metallurgy (PM) method, was studied, by using the synchrotron radiation technique. The corresponding stabilizing mechanism of the Cf was discussed and analyzed, by a comparison of the dynamic foaming process of the samples, prepared using pure Al, and that with an additional Cf, under the same heating regime. It was found that the Cf, acting as an “artificial defect” in the matrix, effectively guided the cell’s nucleation process. It not only improved the dispersion of the cell nucleation—which led to a more dispersed distribution of internal stress in the early nucleation stage—but also effectively eliminated the influence of the internal differences caused by the preparation method, which led to a more uniform distribution of cells, during the nucleation and growth stage. Thus, the cell evolution stability was greatly improved when the matrix was still in the solid phase

Three-Point Bending Behavior of Aluminum Foam Sandwich with Different Interface Bonding Methods

The interface bonding method has a great influence on the mechanical properties of aluminum foam sandwich (AFS). This study aims to investigate the effect of different interface bonding methods on the mechanical properties of AFS. In this paper, the metallurgical-bonding interface-formation mechanism of AFS prepared by powder metallurgy was investigated. The shear properties of metallurgical-bonded AFS were determined by the panel peeling test. The flexural properties and energy absorption of metallurgical-bonded and glued AFS were analyzed through the three-point bending test. The results show that the magnesium, silicon, and copper elements of the core layer diffuse to panels and form a metallurgical composite layer. The metallurgical-bonding strength between the panel and core layer is higher than that of the foam core layer. The peak load of metallurgically-bonded AFS is 24% more than that of glued AFS, and energy absorption is 12.2 times higher than that of glued AFS

Effect of Core Density on the Three-Point Bending Performance of Aluminum Foam Sandwich Panels

Using the powder-metallurgy rolling method, aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) panels with a metallurgical bond between the foam core and the panel can be produced. In this study, by manipulating the foaming temperature and duration, AFS panels were fabricated with varying core densities and thicknesses, all maintaining a panel thickness close to 1 mm. Through the three-point bending test, this research deeply delved into how core density influences the mechanical behaviors of these AFS panels. It became evident that a rise in core density positively affects the bending strength and failure load of the panels but inversely impacts their total energy absorption efficiency. Differing core densities brought about distinct failure patterns: low-density samples primarily showed panel indentation and core shear failures, whereas those of high density demonstrated panel yield and fractures. Furthermore, the research offers predictions on the initial failure loads for different failure modes and introduces a comprehensively designed failure diagram, laying a foundational theory for the production of AFS panels

Fatigue of an Aluminum Foam Sandwich Formed by Powder Metallurgy

In this paper, an aluminum foam sandwich (AFS) was prepared by the rolling composite-powder metallurgy method, and its fatigue properties were studied. It was compared with an AFS made by the adhesive method to study its fatigue properties more directly. In this experiment, the fatigue performance was investigated by studying the microscopic interface, fatigue life, deflection curve, and failure mode. The results show that the fatigue life of an AFS with the rolling composite-powder metallurgy method is much longer than that with the adhesive method. The failure mode of an AFS made by the rolling composite-powder metallurgy method is shear failure, and that of an AFS made by the adhesive method is shear failure and interface debonding. An AFS with the rolling composite-powder metallurgy method has better fatigue properties. This paper also explored the fatigue damage model using the fatigue modulus method, and the polynomial fitting method has a higher fitting degree

Compressive Properties and Energy Absorption Behavior of 316L Steel Foam Prepared by Space Holder Technique

The effect of porosity and pore size on the quasi-static compression properties and energy absorption characteristics of the steel foam was investigated in this paper. The 316L steel foams were prepared through powder metallurgy using urea as the space holder. The macrostructure of steel foam and microstructure of the pore walls were characterized, and the quasi-static compression experiments were conducted on the specimens in the axial direction at a strain rate of 10−3 s−1. The results show that the increase in porosity decreases the yield strength and plastic modulus of the steel foam but increases the densification strain of the steel foam. The yield strength of the steel foam decreases significantly when the pore size is 2.37 mm. However, the pore size has little effect on the plastic modulus. Moreover, the energy absorption per volume of the steel foam decreases with increasing porosity at the same strain. The effect of porosity on energy absorption efficiency is greater than that of pore size