Morphology and molecular phylogeny of Trentepohliales (Chlorophyta) from China

<p>The order Trentepohliales is composed of a complex of five aerial genera of branched filamentous green algae, <i>Trentepohlia, Printzina, Phycopeltis</i>, <i>Cephaleuros</i> and <i>Stomatochroon</i>; polyphyly has been discovered in some of these genera and species. To clarify the diversity and some taxonomic problems in the Trentepohliales, we collected specimens from southern China and successfully cultured the majority of them. We carefully observed morphological traits and performed phylogenetic analyses based on new 18S and ITS rDNA sequences obtained during the present study. Our results suggested that the ostiole position of the zoosporangia might effectively indicate the main lineages of Trentepohliales, with reassessment of the genera <i>Trentepohlia</i> and <i>Printzina</i> required based on this ostiole positioning. However, further molecular investigation, particularly for the genus <i>Phycopeltis</i>, is required. Phenotypic plasticity was very common in <i>Trentepohlia</i> and <i>Cephaleuros</i> and the traditionally circumscribed taxa may not be reliable. In <i>Cephaleuros</i>, the lichenized species do not form a single clade and most species are paraphyletic. Additionally, we suggest that a lack of description of the internal systems could be one reason for the difficulties in species identification. Further taxonomic studies should focus on an emendation of <i>Cephaleuros</i> and elucidating the molecular diversity of <i>Phycopeltis</i>.</p

The filamentous of <i>Trentepohlia jolithus</i> var. <i>yajiagengensis</i> var. nov. 5A-5B:

<p>Coarse cell wall, the specimen of Fig. 5B was fixed with formalin and the color was bled; <b>5C-5D:</b> Prostrate cell shape; <b>5E-5F:</b> Cell shape of the upper part of erect filaments; <b>5G-5H:</b> Cell shape of the middle part of erect filaments; <b>5I-5K:</b> Culture filaments. All scale bars  = 20 µm.</p

The filamentous of <i>Trentepohlia jolithus</i> var. <i>yajiagengensis</i> var. nov. 4A-4E:

<p>Filament with rhizoid (arrow); <b>4F:</b> Part of the thallus with prostrate and erect filaments; <b>4G-4L:</b> Filaments with sporangia (asterisk). Scale bars in Figs. 4G-4K are 20 µm, others are 100 µm.</p

Red-Stone-Valley and the stones covered with <i>Trentepohlia</i>-carpets.

<p><b>2A-2B:</b> Red-stone Valley and the Yajiageng River; 2<b>C:</b> Red <i>Trentepohlia</i>-carpet in a cold winter; <b>2D: </b><i>Trentepohlia</i> growing on stone walls near the road; <b>2E:</b> Red-Stone-Valley and Yajiageng River; <b>2F-2G:</b> Red-Stone-Valley in foggy conditions; <b>2H:</b> Tibetan Ni-ma stack with <i>Trentepohlia</i> growing on it. <b>2I:</b> Red-Stone-Valley in winter.</p

sj-docx-1-inq-10.1177_00469580241246461 – Supplemental material for Impact of Long COVID on Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients After Acute COVID-19 Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study

Supplemental material, sj-docx-1-inq-10.1177_00469580241246461 for Impact of Long COVID on Health-Related Quality of Life Among Patients After Acute COVID-19 Infection: A Cross-Sectional Study by Chengyao Sun, Ziwei Liu, Sixuan Li, Yuqi Wang and Guoxiang Liu in INQUIRY: The Journal of Health Care Organization, Provision, and Financing</p

Map of Gongga Mountain with several glacier valleys, where <i>Trentepohlia</i>-bloom was found. (taken from Google™ earth).

<p>Map of Gongga Mountain with several glacier valleys, where <i>Trentepohlia</i>-bloom was found. (taken from Google™ earth).</p

Maximum likelihood phylogenies constructed from dinoflagellates SSU rDNA sequences for trentepohlialean taxa.

<p>Numbers at nodes represent posterior probabilities/bootstrap support values from Bayesian Inference and Maximum Likelihood. Only values above 0.50 are shown.</p

The filamentous of <i>Trentepohlia jolithus</i> var. <i>yajiagengensis</i> var. nov. 3A:

<p>A small piece of gravel covered with <i>Trentepohlia</i> under the stereoscope; <b>3B: </b><i>Trentepohlia</i>-carpet under the stereoscope; <b>3C:</b> Primary filaments of <i>Trentepohlia</i> creeping on a stone surface; <b>3D:</b> Tangle filaments of <i>Trentepohlia</i> with irregular prostrate cells; <b>3E-3G:</b> Erect filaments of <i>Trentepohlia</i>. All scale bars  = 100 µm.</p

Phylogram inferred from ML analysis of SSU rDNA sequences in the Trentepohliales (obtained with RAxML, ln(L) = -4975.4).

<p>Numbers indicate branches highly supported under all inference methods (>50% BP, >0.5 PP). The caldes of core <i>Trentepohlia</i>, <i>Cephaleuros</i>, <i>Printzina</i> and <i>Phycopeltis</i> were colored in red, green, blue and orange respectively. The previous <i>Phycopeltis</i> sequence (Genbank no. AY052570) was shaded in pink, the <i>Phycopeltis prostrata</i> was shaded in cyan and <i>Trentepohlia annulata</i> group were shaded in grey.</p

Morphological data of 25 <i>Phycopeltis</i> species from previous studies.

<p>Morphological data of 25 <i>Phycopeltis</i> species from previous studies.</p