DataSheet1_Assessing the interfacial corrosion mechanism of Inconel 617 in chloride molten salt corrosion using multi-modal advanced characterization techniques.DOCX

The United States Department of Energy (DOE) has committed to expanding the domestic clean energy portfolio in response to the rising challenges of energy security in the wake of climate change. Accordingly, the construction of a series of Generation IV reactor technologies are being demonstrated, including sodium-cooled, small modular, and molten chloride fast reactors (MCFRs). To date, there are no fully qualified structural materials for constructing MCFRs. A number of commercial structural alloys have been considered for the construction of MCFRs, including alloys from the Inconel and Hastelloy series. Informed qualification of structural materials for the construction of MCFRs in the future can only be ensured by expanding the current fundamental knowledgebase of information pertaining to material performance under environmental stressors relevant to operation of the reactor, including corrosion susceptibility. The purpose of this investigation is to illustrate how a correlative multi-modal electron microscopy characterization approach, including the novel application of focused-ion beam 3D reconstruction capabilities, can elucidate the corrosion mechanism of a candidate structural material Inconel 617 for MCFR in NaCl-MgCl2 eutectic salt at 700°C for 1,000 h. Evidence of intergranular corrosion, Ni and Fe dealloying, and Cr-O enrichment along the grain boundary, which most likely corresponds to Cr2O3, is a phenomenon that has been documented in other Ni-based superalloys exposed to chloride molten salt systems. Additional corrosion products, including the formation of insoluble MgAl2O4, within the porous network produced by the salt attack is a novel observation. In addition, Mo3Si5 and τ2 precipitates are detected in the alloy bulk and are dissolved by the salt. Furthermore, the lack of detection of design γ′ precipitates in Inconel 617 after 1,000 h could indicate that the molten salt corrosion mechanism has indirectly induced a phase transformation of Al2TiNi (τ2) and Ni3(Al,Ti) (γ’) phase. This investigation provides a comprehensive understanding of molten salt corrosion mechanisms in a complex material system such as a commercial structural alloy for applications in MCFRs.</p

Data_Sheet_1_Epidemiological characteristics and prediction model construction of hemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome in Quzhou City, China, 2005–2022.docx

BackgroundHemorrhagic fever with renal syndrome (HFRS) is one of the 10 major infectious diseases that jeopardize human health and is distributed in more than 30 countries around the world. China is the country with the highest number of reported HFRS cases worldwide, accounting for 90% of global cases. The incidence level of HFRS in Quzhou is at the forefront of Zhejiang Province, and there is no specific treatment for it yet. Therefore, it is crucial to grasp the epidemiological characteristics of HFRS in Quzhou and establish a prediction model for HFRS to lay the foundation for early warning of HFRS.MethodsDescriptive epidemiological methods were used to analyze the epidemic characteristics of HFRS, the incidence map was drawn by ArcGIS software, the Seasonal AutoRegressive Integrated Moving Average (SARIMA) and Prophet model were established by R software. Then, root mean square error (RMSE) and mean absolute error (MAE) were used to evaluate the fitting and prediction performances of the model.ResultsA total of 843 HFRS cases were reported in Quzhou City from 2005 to 2022, with the highest annual incidence rate in 2007 (3.93/100,000) and the lowest in 2022 (1.05/100,000) (P trendConclusionFrom 2005 to 2022, the incidence of HFRS in Quzhou City showed an overall downward trend, but the epidemic in high-incidence areas was still serious. In the future, the dynamics of HFRS outbreaks and host animal surveillance should be continuously strengthened in combination with the Prophet model. During the peak season, HFRS vaccination and health education are promoted with farmers as the key groups.</p

Hard tissue sections stained with toluidine blue light microscopy observations at week 24 after surgery.

<p>(A, B): implanted with a rhBMP-2-loaded/CS AVB (group A) A: × 20 magnification; B: × 40 magnification; (C, D): implanted with a non-drug-loaded/CS AVB (group B) C: × 20 magnification; D: × 40 magnification; (E, F):implanted with a autologous iliac bone graft (group C) E: × 20 magnification; F: × 40 magnification; the yellow arrow indicate the implant HA/ZrO₂-based AVB; the red arrow indicate the HA that under degradation; the green arrow indicate new bone, which was more immature would be tinted deeper blue; and the blue arrow indicate autologous.</p

Hard tissue sections stained with toluidine blue light microscopy observations at week 24 after surgery.

<p>(A, B): implanted with a rhBMP-2-loaded/CS AVB (group A) A: × 20 magnification; B: × 40 magnification; (C, D): implanted with a non-drug-loaded/CS AVB (group B) C: × 20 magnification; D: × 40 magnification; (E, F):implanted with a autologous iliac bone graft (group C) E: × 20 magnification; F: × 40 magnification; the yellow arrow indicate the implant HA/ZrO₂-based AVB; the red arrow indicate the HA that under degradation; the green arrow indicate new bone, which was more immature would be tinted deeper blue; and the blue arrow indicate autologous.</p

Animal experimental situation.

<p>(a) the prepared half-cylinders HA/ZrO₂ porous bioceramic AVB; (b) the beagle dog could stand independently when recover postoperative; (c) postoperative specimens shown: the implanted AVB had integrated with autogenous bone at week 24; (d) embedded AVB in the vertebrae defect in operation; (e) a 56-mm-long surgical steel plate was used to stabilize the implanted AVB; (f) wound closure at last.</p

Activities of the beagle dogs during the pre-surgical period and at weeks 6, 12 and 24 after surgery.

<p>(* indicates significant difference between the two groups, p<0.05).</p

XRD pattern of surface of the HA/ZrO₂ porous bioceramic.

<p>XRD pattern of surface of the HA/ZrO₂ porous bioceramic.</p

Evaluation of a Novel HA/ZrO₂-Based Porous Bioceramic Artificial Vertebral Body Combined with a rhBMP-2/Chitosan Slow-Release Hydrogel

<div><p>A new HA/ZrO₂-based porous bioceramic artificial vertebral body (AVB), carried a recombinant human bone morphogenetic protein-2 (rhBMP-2)/chitosan slow-release hydrogel was prepared to repair vertebral bone defect in beagles. An ionic cross-linking was used to prepare the chitosan hydrogel (CS gel) as the rhBMP-2 slow-release carrier. The vertebral body defects were implanted with the rhBMP-2-loaded AVB in group A, or a non-drug-loaded AVB in group B, or autologous iliac in group C. The encapsulation rate of rhBMP-2 in rhBMP-2-loaded CS gel was 91.88±1.53%, with a drug load of 39.84±2.34 ng/mg. At 6, 12, 24 weeks postoperatively, radiography showed that the bone calluses gradually increased with time in group A, where the artificial vertebral body had completely fused with host-bone at 24 weeks after surgery. In group C, an apparent bone remodeling was occurred in the early stages, and the graft-bone and host-bone had also fused completely at 24 weeks postoperatively. In group B, fusion occurred less than in groups A and C. At 24 weeks after surgery, micro-computed tomography (Micro-CT) revealed that the volume of newly-formed bone in group A was significantly more than in group B (p<0.05). At 24 weeks after surgery, ultra-compressive strengths of the operated segments were 14.03±1.66 MPa in group A, 8.62±1.24 MPa in group B, and 13.78±1.43 MPa in group C. Groups A and C were both significantly higher than group B (p < 0.05). At 24 weeks postoperatively, the hard tissue sections showed that the AVB of group A had tightly fused with host bone, and that pores of the AVB had been filled with abundant nearly mature bone, and that the new bone structured similarly to a trabecular framework, which was similar to that in group C. In contrast, implant fusion of the AVB in group B was not as apparent as group A. In conclusion, the novel HA/ZrO₂-based porous bioceramic AVB carried the rhBMP-2-loaded CS gel can promote the repair of bony defect, and induce bone tissue to grow into the pores, which may replace iliac bone grafts as commonly applied in clinical practice.</p></div

Test results of new bone volume detected by micro-computed tomography at week 24.

<p>Test results of new bone volume detected by micro-computed tomography at week 24.</p

Scanning electron microscopy images of lyophilized hydrogel.

<p><b>(A)</b> the lyophilized hydrogel observed as an three-dimensional mesh structure (× 100); <b>(B)</b> the round chitosan microspheres with smooth surface were evenly distributed on the film-like surface (× 350)</p