Ru-Catalyzed Isomerization Provides Access to Alternating Copolymers via Ring-Opening Metathesis Polymerization

We describe an isomerization–alternating ROMP protocol that gives linear copolymers with rigorous sequence alternation. Bicyclo[4.2.0]­oct-7-ene-7-carboxamides of primary amines are isomerized in the presence of (3-BrPyr)₂Cl₂(H₂IMes)­RuCHPh to the corresponding bicyclo[4.2.0]­oct-1(8)-ene-8-carboxamides in which the olefinic bond is tetrasubstituted. The <i>isomerized</i> amides undergo alternating ring-opening metathesis polymerization with cyclohexene to provide soluble and linear copolymers with molecular weights up to ∼130 kDa. This process provides efficient entry to strictly alternating copolymers that can display diverse functional groups

Visualization of Lysosomal Dynamics during Autophagy by Fluorescent Probe

Lysosomes are one of the important organelles within cells, and their dynamic movement processes are associated with many biological events. Therefore, real-time monitoring of lysosomal dynamics processes has far-reaching implications. A lysosome-targeted fluorescent probe N(CH2)3-BD-PZ is proposed for real-time monitoring of lysosomal kinetic motility. Using this probe, the dynamic process of lysosomes under starvation induction was successfully explored through fluorescence imaging. Importantly, we observed a new pattern of lysosomal dynamic movement, in which an irregular lysosome was slowly cleaved into two different-sized touching lysosomes and then fused to form a new round lysosome. This research provides a powerful fluorescence tool to understand the dynamic motility of intracellular lysosomes under fluorescence imaging

Visualization of Lysosomal Dynamics during Autophagy by Fluorescent Probe

Lysosomes are one of the important organelles within cells, and their dynamic movement processes are associated with many biological events. Therefore, real-time monitoring of lysosomal dynamics processes has far-reaching implications. A lysosome-targeted fluorescent probe N(CH2)3-BD-PZ is proposed for real-time monitoring of lysosomal kinetic motility. Using this probe, the dynamic process of lysosomes under starvation induction was successfully explored through fluorescence imaging. Importantly, we observed a new pattern of lysosomal dynamic movement, in which an irregular lysosome was slowly cleaved into two different-sized touching lysosomes and then fused to form a new round lysosome. This research provides a powerful fluorescence tool to understand the dynamic motility of intracellular lysosomes under fluorescence imaging

Visualization of Lysosomal Dynamics during Autophagy by Fluorescent Probe

Lysosomes are one of the important organelles within cells, and their dynamic movement processes are associated with many biological events. Therefore, real-time monitoring of lysosomal dynamics processes has far-reaching implications. A lysosome-targeted fluorescent probe N(CH2)3-BD-PZ is proposed for real-time monitoring of lysosomal kinetic motility. Using this probe, the dynamic process of lysosomes under starvation induction was successfully explored through fluorescence imaging. Importantly, we observed a new pattern of lysosomal dynamic movement, in which an irregular lysosome was slowly cleaved into two different-sized touching lysosomes and then fused to form a new round lysosome. This research provides a powerful fluorescence tool to understand the dynamic motility of intracellular lysosomes under fluorescence imaging

Proton-Coupled Electron Transfer and Lewis Acid Recognition at Self-Assembled Monolayers of an Oxo-Bridged Diruthenium(III) Complex Functionalized with Two Disulfide Anchors

A new μ-oxo-bis­(μ-acetato)­diruthenium­(III) complex bearing two pyridyl disulfide ligands {[Ru₂(μ-O)­(μ-OAc)₂(bpy)₂(L_py‑SS)₂]­(PF₆)₂ (OAc = CH₃CO₂^–, bpy = 2,2′-bipyridine, L_py‑SS = (C₅H₄N)­CH₂NHC­(O)­(CH₂)₄CH­(CH₂)₂SS) (<b>1</b>)} has been synthesized to prepare self-assembled monolayers (SAMs) on the Au(111) electrode surface. The SAMs have been characterized by contact-angle measurements, reflection–absorption surface infrared spectroscopy, cyclic voltammetry, and reductive desorption experiments. The SAMs exhibited proton-coupled electron transfer (PCET) reactions when the electrochemistry was studied in aqueous electrolyte solution (0.1 M NaClO₄ with Britton–Robinson buffer to adjust the solution pH). The potential–pH plot (Pourbaix diagram) in the pH range from 1 to 12 has established that the dinuclear ruthenium moiety was involved in the interfacial PCET processes with four distinct redox states: Ru^IIIRu^III(μ-O), Ru^IIRu^III(μ-OH), Ru^IIRu^II(μ-OH), and Ru^IIRu^II(μ-OH₂). We also demonstrated that the interfacial redox processes were modulated by the addition of Lewis acids such as BF₃ or Al³⁺ to the electrolyte media, in which the externally added Lewis acids interacted with μ-O of the dinuclear moiety within the SAMs

Table_1_Down-Regulation of PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 Delays Fruit Softening in Peach by Reducing Polygalacturonase and Pectin Methylesterase Activity.DOCX

<p>β-galactosidases are cell wall hydrolases that play an important role in fruit softening. However, PpBGALs mechanism impacting on ethylene-dependent peach fruit softening was still unclear. In this study, we found that PpBGAL4, -6, -8, -10, -16, and -17 may be required for ethylene-dependent peach softening and PpBGAL10, -16 may make a main contribution to it among 17 PpBGALs. Utilization of virus-induced gene silencing (VIGS) showed that fruits were firmer than those of the control at 4 and 6 days after harvest (DAH) when PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression was down-regulated. Suppression of PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression also reduced PpPG21 and PpPME3 transcription, and polygalacturonase (PG) and pectinmethylesterases (PME) activity. Overall, total cell wall material and protopectin slowly declined, water-soluble pectin slowly increased, and cellulose and hemicellulose was altered significantly at 4 DAH, relative to control fruit. In addition, PpACO1 expression and ethylene production were also suppressed at 4 DAH because of inhibiting PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression. These results suggested that down-regulation of PpBGAL10 and PpBGAL16 expression delays peach fruit softening by decreasing PG and PME activity, which inhibits cell wall degradation and ethylene production.</p

Additional file 8: of Transcriptome analysis reveals the effects of sugar metabolism and auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways on root growth and development of grafted apple

Gene-specific primers used for quantitative real-time PCR. (DOC 37 kb

Additional file 3: of Transcriptome analysis reveals the effects of sugar metabolism and auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways on root growth and development of grafted apple

Selected genes related to sugar metabolism. (DOC 93 kb

Additional file 1: of Transcriptome analysis reveals the effects of sugar metabolism and auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways on root growth and development of grafted apple

Photosynthetic parameters of WT and MB grafted apple leaves. Comparison of photosynthetic parameters, including net photosynthetic rate (Pn), stomatal conductance (Gs) and intercellular CO2 concentration (Ci), in WT and MB leaves. Values are means ± SE (n = 10). Significant differences (*P < 0.05 and **P < 0.01) are based on Student’s t-tests. (DOC 111 kb

Additional file 5: of Transcriptome analysis reveals the effects of sugar metabolism and auxin and cytokinin signaling pathways on root growth and development of grafted apple

Selected root development-related genes from RNA sequencing data. (DOC 46 kb