(S)-Ethyl 2-[4-(6-chloro­quinoxalin-2-yl­oxy)phen­oxy]propanoate

In the mol­ecule of the title compound, C19H17ClN2O4, the quinoxaline ring system is planar [maximum deviation = 0.013 (3) Å] and oriented at a dihedral angle of 80.18 (3)° with respect to the benzene ring. In the crystal structure, inter­molecular C—H⋯N inter­actions link mol­ecules into chains. π–π contacts between the quinoxaline systems [centroid–centroid distance = 3.654 (1) Å] may further stabilize the structure

A cytoplasmic Cu-Zn superoxide dismutase SOD1 contributes to hyphal growth and virulence of Fusarium graminearum

AbstractSuperoxide dismutases (SODs) are scavengers of superoxide radicals, one of the main reactive oxygen species (ROS) in the cell. SOD-based ROS scavenging system constitutes the frontline defense against intra- and extracellular ROS, but the roles of SODs in the important cereal pathogen Fusarium graminearum are not very clear. There are five SOD genes in F. graminearum genome, encoding cytoplasmic Cu-Zn SOD1 and MnSOD3, mitochondrial MnSOD2 and FeSOD4, and extracellular CuSOD5. Previous studies reported that the expression of SOD1 increased during infection of wheat coleoptiles and florets. In this work we showed that the recombinant SOD1 protein had the superoxide dismutase activity in vitro, and that the SOD1-mRFP fusion protein localized in the cytoplasm of F. graminearum. The Δsod1 mutants had slightly reduced hyphal growth and markedly increased sensitivity to the intracellular ROS generator menadione. The conidial germination under extracellular oxidative stress was significantly delayed in the mutants. Wheat floret infection assay showed that the Δsod1 mutants had a reduced pathogenicity. Furthermore, the Δsod1 mutants had a significant reduction in production of deoxynivalenol mycotoxin. Our results indicate that the cytoplasmic Cu-Zn SOD1 affects fungal growth probably depending on detoxification of intracellular superoxide radicals, and that SOD1-mediated deoxynivalenol production contributes to the virulence of F. graminearum in wheat head infection

Magnonic band structure of domain wall magnonic crystals

Magnonic crystals are prototype magnetic metamaterials designed for the control of spin wave propagation. Conventional magnonic crystals are composed of single domain elements. If magnetization textures, such as domain walls, vortices and skyrmions, are included in the building blocks of magnonic crystals, additional degrees of freedom over the control of the magnonic band structure can be achieved. We theoretically investigate the influence of domain walls on the spin wave propagation and the corresponding magnonic band structure. It is found that the rotation of magnetization inside a domain wall introduces a geometric vector potential for the spin wave excitation. The corresponding Berry phase has quantized value $4 n_w \pi$, where $n_w$ is the winding number of the domain wall. Due to the topological vector potential, the magnonic band structure of magnonic crystals with domain walls as comprising elements differs significantly from an identical magnonic crystal composed of only magnetic domains. This difference can be utilized to realize dynamic reconfiguration of magnonic band structure by a sole nucleation or annihilation of domain walls in magnonic crystals.Comment: 21 pages, 9 figure

The content and ratio of type I and III collagen in skin differ with age and injury

The aim of this study is to examine type I and III collagen content and distribution in skin within the contexts of patient age and injury, as well as to elucidate possible mechanisms of hypertrophic scar formation. Normal human skin and hypertrophic scar specimens were obtained from spontaneously aborted fetuses and burn patients of different ages (adolescent group, ≤18 years; adult group, >19 and ≤50 years; elderly group, >50 years). Total collagen content was indirectly determined by quantification of hydroxyproline. Levels of type I and III collagen as well as the ratio of type I/III were determined by immunohistochemistry and image analysis. Results obtained showed that the mean content of type I and III and type I/III ratio in normal skin differed significantly among age groups (P0.05), with the lowest levels of type I, III, and the highest ratio of type I/III observed in the elderly age group. Differences between normal uninjured skin and hypertrophic scar tissue were significant for all investigated parameters within any of the three age groups examined (adolescent, adult, elderly; P<0.05). Content of type I, III collagen and type I/III ratio also exhibited age-dependent differences during recovery in hypertrophic scar specimens. Thus, type III collagen synthesis decreases with age resulting in a skewed type I/III ratio and changes in skin tension, elasticity, and healing. Also, the content of type I, III collagen and type I/III ratio are significantly altered in hypertrophic scar tissue compared to uninjured age-matched controls, resulting in a different structural organization that is also influenced by patient age.Key words: Age group, hypertrophic scar, collagen type I, collagen type III, immunohistochemistry, hydroxyproline