Analysis on the Correlation Degree between the Driver’s Reaction Ability and Physiological Parameters

In this paper, the correlation degree between driver’s reaction time and the physiological signal is analyzed. For this purpose, a large number of road experiments are performed using the biopac and the reaction time test systems to collect data. First, the electroencephalograph (EEG) signal is processed by using the fast Fourier and the inverse Fourier transforms. Then, the power spectrum densities (PSD) of α, β, δ, and EEG wave are calculated by Welch procedure. The average power of the power spectrum of α, β, and θ is calculated by the biopac software and two ratio formulas, (α+θ)/β and α/β, are selected to be the impact factors. After that the heart rate and the standard deviation of RR interval are calculated from the electrocardiograph (ECG) signal. Lastly, the correlation degree between the eight impact factors and the reaction time are analyzed based on the grey correlation analysis. The results demonstrate that α/β has the greatest correlation to the reaction time except EEG-PSD. Furthermore, two mathematical models for the reaction time-driving time and the α/β-driving time are developed based on the Gaussian function. These mathematical models are then finally used to establish the functional relation of α/β-the reaction time

Modeling the Perceptions and Preferences of Pedestrians on Crossing Facilities

Pedestrian’s street-crossing behaviour has a significant effect on traffic performance and safety. The crossing behaviour is determined by human factors and environmental factors. Aiming at examining the pedestrian perceptions toward crossing facilities and preferences for crossing locations, an observational study of pedestrian crossing behaviour at urban street is conducted. The perceptions and preferences of pedestrians are collected using stated preference technique. A specific questionnaire is designed to conduct the stated preference survey. A multinomial logit model is proposed to describe the perceptions and preferences of pedestrians on crossing facilities and locations. The sensitivity analysis is performed to discuss the influence of various factors on crossing behaviour. Then the relationship between crossing locations and crossing distances is analyzed by a new proposed method. With the theoretical analysis, the engineering solutions considering pedestrian behaviour are suggested. The results are helpful to design human-centered crossing facilities in urban traffic

Robust Binding of Disulfide-Substituted Rhenium Bipyridyl Complexes for CO2 Reduction on Gold Electrodes

Heterogenization of homogenous catalysts on electrode surfaces provides a valuable approach for characterization of catalytic processes in operando conditions using surface selective spectroelectrochemistry methods. Ligand design plays a central role in the attachment mode and the resulting functionality of the heterogenized catalyst as determined by the orientation of the catalyst relative to the surface and the nature of specific interactions that modulate the redox properties under the heterogeneous electrode conditions. Here, we introduce new [Re(L)(CO)3Cl] catalysts for CO2 reduction with sulfur-based anchoring groups on a bipyridyl ligand, where L = 3,3′-disulfide-2,2′-bipyridine (SSbpy) and 3,3′-thio-2,2′-bipyridine (Sbpy). Spectroscopic and electrochemical analysis complemented by computational modeling at the density functional theory level identify the complex [Re(SSbpy)(CO)3Cl] as a multi-electron acceptor that combines the redox properties of both the rhenium tricarbonyl core and the disulfide functional group on the bipyridyl ligand. The first reduction at −0.85 V (vs. SCE) involves a two-electron process that breaks the disulfide bond, activating it for surface attachment. The heterogenized complex exhibits robust anchoring on gold surfaces, as probed by vibrational sum-frequency generation (SFG) spectroscopy. The binding configuration is normal to the surface, exposing the active site to the CO2 substrate in solution. The attachment mode is thus particularly suitable for electrocatalytic CO2 reduction.Fil: Cattaneo, Mauricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; ArgentinaFil: Guo, Facheng. University of Yale; Estados UnidosFil: Kelly, H. Ray. University of Yale; Estados UnidosFil: Videla, Pablo E.. University of Yale; Estados UnidosFil: Kiefer, Laura. Emory University; Estados UnidosFil: Gebre, Sara. Emory University; Estados UnidosFil: Ge, Aimin. Emory University; Estados UnidosFil: Liu, Qiliang. Emory University; Estados UnidosFil: Wu, Shaoxiong. Emory University; Estados UnidosFil: Lian, Tianquan. Emory University; Estados UnidosFil: Batista, Víctor S.. University of Yale; Estados Unido

Complejos de Renio para Reducción de CO2 Inmovilizados en Superficies de Oro: Propiedades Fisicoquímicas, Espectroscopía SFG y Simulación Computacional

Introducción. Reducción electroquímica de CO2 impulsada por fuentes de energías renovables, como eólica y solar, es un prometedor camino para la conversión en combustibles o precursores químicos. Los complejos de renio están entre los más eficientes catalizadores homogéneos para convertir CO2 a CO con alta actividad electrocatalítica.1 Una estrategia para la reducción eletrocatalítica de CO2 es la funcionalización de electrodos, que combina la estabilidad de sistemas heterogéneos con la alta selectividad de catalizadores moleculares. En este contexto, efectos estructurales y electrónicos en el catalizador en condiciones de trabajo pueden revelar importantes parámetros para el diseño y optimización de materiales catalíticos.2Resultados y Conclusiones. Reportamos la síntesis y caracterización de nuevos complejos de renio en condiciones homogéneas y heterogéneas. [Re(CO)3(L)Cl] con L = 3,3?-ditio-bipiridina y 3,3?-tio-bipiridina fueron obtenidos y caracterizados por análisis electroquímicos, espectroscopía SFG y modelado computacional, obteniéndose detalles fundamentales de la estructura electrónica, actividad catalítica y orientación del anclaje sobre la superficie del electrodo de oro, reguladas por el diseño del ligando.Fil: Cattaneo, Mauricio. Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas. Centro Científico Tecnológico Conicet - Tucumán. Instituto de Química del Noroeste. Universidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y Farmacia. Instituto de Química del Noroeste; ArgentinaFil: Kiefer, Laura. University of Emory; Estados UnidosFil: Gebre, Sara. University of Emory; Estados UnidosFil: Ge, Aimin. University of Emory; Estados UnidosFil: Liu, Qiliang. University of Emory; Estados UnidosFil: Guo, Facheng. University of Yale; Estados UnidosFil: Kelly, Harvey R.. University of Yale; Estados UnidosFil: Videla, Pablo. University of Yale; Estados UnidosFil: Lian, Tinquan. University of Emory; Estados UnidosFil: Batista, Victor S.. University of Yale; Estados UnidosXXI Congreso Argentino de Fisicoquímica y Química InorgánicaSan Miguel de TucumánArgentinaUniversidad Nacional de Tucumán. Facultad de Bioquímica, Química y FarmaciaAsociación Argentina de Investigaciones Fisicoquímica

Modeling Lane-Keeping Behavior of Bicyclists Using Survival Analysis Approach

Bicyclists may cross the bicycle lane and occupy the adjacent motor lanes for some reason. The mixed traffic consisting of cars and bicycles shows very complicated dynamitic patterns and higher accident risk. To investigate the reason behind such phenomenon, the lifetime analysis method is adopted to examine the observed data for the behavior that bicycles cross the bicycle lane and occupy the adjacent motor lanes. The concepts named valid volume and probability of lane-keeping behavior are introduced to evaluate the influence of various external factors such as lane width and curb parking, and a semiparametric method is used to estimate the model with censored data. Six variables are used to accommodate the effects of traffic conditions. After the model estimation, the effects of the selected variables on the lane-keeping behavior are discussed. The results are expected to give a better understanding of the bicyclist behavior

Numerical Simulation of Hydraulic Fracture Propagation Guided by Single Radial Boreholes

Conventional hydraulic fracturing is not effective in target oil development zones with available wellbores located in the azimuth of the non-maximum horizontal in-situ stress. To some extent, we think that the radial hydraulic jet drilling has the function of guiding hydraulic fracture propagation direction and promoting deep penetration, but this notion currently lacks an effective theoretical support for fracture propagation. In order to verify the technology, a 3D extended finite element numerical model of hydraulic fracturing promoted by the single radial borehole was established, and the influences of nine factors on propagation of hydraulic fracture guided by the single radial borehole were comprehensively analyzed. Moreover, the term ‘Guidance factor (Gf)’ was introduced for the first time to effectively quantify the radial borehole guidance. The guidance of nine factors was evaluated through gray correlation analysis. The experimental results were consistent with the numerical simulation results to a certain extent. The study provides theoretical evidence for the artificial control technology of directional propagation of hydraulic fracture promoted by the single radial borehole, and it predicts the guidance effect of a single radial borehole on hydraulic fracture to a certain extent, which is helpful for planning well-completion and fracturing operation parameters in radial borehole-promoted hydraulic fracturing technology

Research on the Relationship between Reaction Ability and Mental State for Online Assessment of Driving Fatigue

Background: Driving fatigue affects the reaction ability of a driver. The aim of this research is to analyze the relationship between driving fatigue, physiological signals and driver’s reaction time. Methods: Twenty subjects were tested during driving. Data pertaining to reaction time and physiological signals including electroencephalograph (EEG) were collected from twenty simulation experiments. Grey correlation analysis was used to select the input variable of the classification model. A support vector machine was used to divide the mental state into three levels. The penalty factor for the model was optimized using a genetic algorithm. Results: The results show that α/β has the greatest correlation to reaction time. The classification results show an accuracy of 86%, a sensitivity of 87.5% and a specificity of 85.53%. The average increase of reaction time is 16.72% from alert state to fatigued state. Females have a faster decrease in reaction ability than males as driving fatigue accumulates. Elderly drivers have longer reaction times than the young. Conclusions: A grey correlation analysis can be used to improve the classification accuracy of the support vector machine (SVM) model. This paper provides basic research that online detection of fatigue can be performed using only a simple device, which is more comfortable for users