Table_1_Transcriptome and metabolome profiling provide insights into hormone-mediated enhanced growth in autotetraploid seedlings of banana (Musa spp.).DOCX

IntroductionReconstructive breeding based on autotetraploids to generate triploid varieties is a promising breeding strategy in banana (Musa spp.). Therefore understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying the phenotypic differences between the original diploid and its autopolyploid derivatives is of significant importance in such breeding programs of banana.MethodsIn this study, a number of non-chimeric autotetraploid plants, confirmed by flow cytometry and chromosome counting were obtained using colchicine treatment of ‘Pisang Berlin' (AA Group), a diploid banana cultivar highly resistant to Fusarium wilt Tropical Race 4 (Foc TR4) and widely cultivated in Asia.Results and discussionThe autotetraploids showed significant increase in plant height, pseudostem diameter, root length, leaf thickness, leaf area, and leaf chlorophyll content. Transcriptomic analysis indicated that differentially expressed genes were mainly enriched in plant hormone signal transduction, mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organelles. The genes related to the metabolism, transport or signaling of auxin, abscisic acid (ABA), cytokinin (CTK) and gibberellin (GA), as well as the genes encoding essential enzymes in photosynthetic CO2 fixation were differentially expressed in leaves of autotetraploids and most of them were up-regulated. Metabolomic analysis revealed that the differentially accumulated metabolites were mainly involved in plant hormone signal transduction, porphyrin and chlorophyll metabolism, indole alkaloid biosynthesis, and carbon fixation in photosynthetic organelles. The results therefore, demonstrate that the hormones IAA, ABA, and photosynthetic regulation may play a vital role in the observed enhancement in the autotetraploids. These could be used as molecular and biochemical markers to facilitate the generation of triploid progenies as suitable new varieties for cultivation.</p

Image2_Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Mo nanoparticles (EGM NPs) efficiently treat liver injury by strongly reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress.jpg

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious clinical disease associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and subsequent inflammatory responses. However, traditional treatments were limited by low efficacy and serious side effects due to the special liver structure. Here, we developed a molybdenum (Mo)-based nanoparticles, EGM NPs, after overall consideration of the pathophysiology of DILI and the advantages of nanodrugs. It demonstrated that EGM NPs treated acetaminophen (APAP)-induced DILI by scavenging ROS and inhibiting inflammation. EGM NPs effectively scavenged various ROS and reduced cell apoptosis at the cellular level. More importantly, EGM NPs can treat APAP-induced DILI in vivo, reducing the levels of liver function indicators in mice with liver injury, scaling down the area of hepatocyte necrosis and successfully inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver. EGM NPs also showed a certain anti-inflammatory effect by reducing infiltration of macrophages, decreasing pro-inflammatory factors and inhibiting the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Collectively, our findings suggest that EGM NPs-based nanotherapeutic is a novel strategy for the treatment of DILI.</p

Image1_Epigallocatechin-3-gallate Mo nanoparticles (EGM NPs) efficiently treat liver injury by strongly reducing oxidative stress, inflammation and endoplasmic reticulum stress.png

Drug-induced liver injury (DILI) is a serious clinical disease associated with reactive oxygen species (ROS) burst and subsequent inflammatory responses. However, traditional treatments were limited by low efficacy and serious side effects due to the special liver structure. Here, we developed a molybdenum (Mo)-based nanoparticles, EGM NPs, after overall consideration of the pathophysiology of DILI and the advantages of nanodrugs. It demonstrated that EGM NPs treated acetaminophen (APAP)-induced DILI by scavenging ROS and inhibiting inflammation. EGM NPs effectively scavenged various ROS and reduced cell apoptosis at the cellular level. More importantly, EGM NPs can treat APAP-induced DILI in vivo, reducing the levels of liver function indicators in mice with liver injury, scaling down the area of hepatocyte necrosis and successfully inhibiting endoplasmic reticulum (ER) stress in the liver. EGM NPs also showed a certain anti-inflammatory effect by reducing infiltration of macrophages, decreasing pro-inflammatory factors and inhibiting the expression levels of inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) and myeloperoxidase (MPO). Collectively, our findings suggest that EGM NPs-based nanotherapeutic is a novel strategy for the treatment of DILI.</p

Origin, race, and <i>in vitro</i> toxin production of isolates of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>cubense.</i>

a<p>The <i>Fusarium</i> isolates were maintained at Agricultural Culture Collection of China (ACCC).</p>b<p>Detection limits for beauvericin (BEA) and fusaric acid (FA) were 1.8 and 4.8ng/g respectively.</p>c<p>The data were the means of three replications. Mean values in the same column followed by the different letter are significantly different by Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P<0.05).</p

Toxicity analysis of different concentration of BEA and FA on protoplast at 72

<p> <b>h.</b> The scale bar is 100 µm.</p

Cytotoxicity of FA and BEA to banana protoplasts using the Alamar Blue assay.

<p>Cytotoxicity of FA and BEA to banana protoplasts using the Alamar Blue assay.</p

Pathogenicity and amounts of toxins in banana root (R), leaves (L) and pseudostem (P) by isolates of <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>cubense.</i>

a<p>The <i>Foc</i> isolates were maintained at Agricultural Culture Collection of China (ACCC).</p>b<p>IDI means Integrated Disease Index.</p>c<p>Detection limits for BEA and FA were 6.0 and 4.8 ng/g respectively.</p>d<p>Pisang Awak cv ‘GuangFen #1’ (ABB) was used as experimental plant.</p>e<p>Cavendish cv ‘Brazilian’ (AAA) was used as experimental plant.</p><p>The data were the means of 3 replications. Mean values in the same column followed by the different letter are significantly different by Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P<0.05).</p

HPLC-ESI-MS map of the secondary metabolites from <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f.sp. <i>Cubense.</i>

<p>A: [M+H]⁺ map of <i>Foc</i> Race 1; B. [M+H]⁺ map of <i>Foc</i> Race 4.</p

Banana pseudostem eroded percentage caused by different concentration of BEA and FA.

a<p>Control 1 =  water; Control 2 = 0.5% methanol.</p>b<p>The data were the means of three replications. Mean values in the same column followed by the different letter are significantly different by Fisher’s protected least significant difference test (P<0.05).</p

Isolated <i>Fusarium oxysporum</i> f. sp. <i>cubense</i> contaminanting and distribution of beauvericin (BEA) and fusaric acid (FA) toxins in <i>Musa</i> ABB Pisang awak Guangfen #1 plant tissues.

<p>Note: ND, not detected. Control1 and Control2 were healthy Musa ABB Pisang awak Guangfen #1 from Panyu and Dongguan respectively.</p>a<p>The <i>Fusarium</i> isolates were maintained at Agricultural Culture Collection of China (ACCC).</p>b<p>Detection limits for BEA and FA were 6.0 and 4.8 ng/g respectively.</p