Pharmacokinetic analysis and bioequivalence of Finasteride and Doxazosin formulated in a single tablet in comparison with the corresponding single agents

The most commonly agents used to treat benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in clinical practice are finasteride and doxazosin employed alone or in combination. Randomized clinical trials have shown that combination therapy with finasteride and doxazosin is superior to finasteride alone or placebo. However, decreased patient compliance may lead to unsatisfactorily therapeutic results. The aim of this study was to assess whether the combined pharmacokinetic profile for both finasteride and doxazosin was not significantly altered when these agents were co-administered, in comparison with their use as single agents. This was a randomized 6 sequences and 3 periods, crossover, comparative study of three medications: finasteride (5 mg), doxazosin (2 mg) (references), and the fixed combination containing 5 mg of finasteride and 2 mg of doxazosin in a single tablet (test). Plasma samples obtained from 30 eligible subjects were analyzed simultaneously for finasteride and doxazosin by HPLC coupled to a LC-MS/MS having cyproterone acetate and terazosin as internal standards. The statistical analysis showed no significant differences for AUC0-72h (finasteride: 245.3±87.8 vs. test: 240.5±93.1 and doxazosin: 183.0±42.9 vs. test: 188.8±45.6 ng.h.mL-1), AUC0-∞ (finasteride: 247.4±92.1 vs. test:  40.47±93.1 and doxazosin: 190.3±44.3 vs. test: 188.8±45.6 ng.h.mL-1), and Cmax (finasteride: 34.2±7.1 vs. test: 29.9±6.2 and doxazosin: 16.3±3.6 vs. test: 14.9±3.3 ng/mL). The mean ratios of AUC0-72h/AUC0-∞ for finasteride and doxazosin were 99.99% and 99.98%, respectively, indicating that the sampling time was adequate for both drugs. In summary, the current pharmacokinetic study demonstrated bioequivalence between the single agents and the corresponding agents in combination and provided further evidence for the lack of pharmacokinetic interaction between finasteride and doxazosin

NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES: a data set on carnivore distribution in the Neotropics

Mammalian carnivores are considered a key group in maintaining ecological health and can indicate potential ecological integrity in landscapes where they occur. Carnivores also hold high conservation value and their habitat requirements can guide management and conservation plans. The order Carnivora has 84 species from 8 families in the Neotropical region: Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Otariidae; Phocidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae. Herein, we include published and unpublished data on native terrestrial Neotropical carnivores (Canidae; Felidae; Mephitidae; Mustelidae; Procyonidae; and Ursidae). NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES is a publicly available data set that includes 99,605 data entries from 35,511 unique georeferenced coordinates. Detection/non-detection and quantitative data were obtained from 1818 to 2018 by researchers, governmental agencies, non-governmental organizations, and private consultants. Data were collected using several methods including camera trapping, museum collections, roadkill, line transect, and opportunistic records. Literature (peer-reviewed and grey literature) from Portuguese, Spanish and English were incorporated in this compilation. Most of the data set consists of detection data entries (n = 79,343; 79.7%) but also includes non-detection data (n = 20,262; 20.3%). Of those, 43.3% also include count data (n = 43,151). The information available in NEOTROPICAL CARNIVORES will contribute to macroecological, ecological, and conservation questions in multiple spatio-temporal perspectives. As carnivores play key roles in trophic interactions, a better understanding of their distribution and habitat requirements are essential to establish conservation management plans and safeguard the future ecological health of Neotropical ecosystems. Our data paper, combined with other large-scale data sets, has great potential to clarify species distribution and related ecological processes within the Neotropics. There are no copyright restrictions and no restriction for using data from this data paper, as long as the data paper is cited as the source of the information used. We also request that users inform us of how they intend to use the data

NEOTROPICAL ALIEN MAMMALS: a data set of occurrence and abundance of alien mammals in the Neotropics

Biological invasion is one of the main threats to native biodiversity. For a species to become invasive, it must be voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into a nonnative habitat. Mammals were among first taxa to be introduced worldwide for game, meat, and labor, yet the number of species introduced in the Neotropics remains unknown. In this data set, we make available occurrence and abundance data on mammal species that (1) transposed a geographical barrier and (2) were voluntarily or involuntarily introduced by humans into the Neotropics. Our data set is composed of 73,738 historical and current georeferenced records on alien mammal species of which around 96% correspond to occurrence data on 77 species belonging to eight orders and 26 families. Data cover 26 continental countries in the Neotropics, ranging from Mexico and its frontier regions (southern Florida and coastal-central Florida in the southeast United States) to Argentina, Paraguay, Chile, and Uruguay, and the 13 countries of Caribbean islands. Our data set also includes neotropical species (e.g., Callithrix sp., Myocastor coypus, Nasua nasua) considered alien in particular areas of Neotropics. The most numerous species in terms of records are from Bos sp. (n = 37,782), Sus scrofa (n = 6,730), and Canis familiaris (n = 10,084); 17 species were represented by only one record (e.g., Syncerus caffer, Cervus timorensis, Cervus unicolor, Canis latrans). Primates have the highest number of species in the data set (n = 20 species), partly because of uncertainties regarding taxonomic identification of the genera Callithrix, which includes the species Callithrix aurita, Callithrix flaviceps, Callithrix geoffroyi, Callithrix jacchus, Callithrix kuhlii, Callithrix penicillata, and their hybrids. This unique data set will be a valuable source of information on invasion risk assessments, biodiversity redistribution and conservation-related research. There are no copyright restrictions. Please cite this data paper when using the data in publications. We also request that researchers and teachers inform us on how they are using the data