Civilizando as artes de curar: Chernoviz e os manuais de medicina popular no império

Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-07T15:55:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 41.pdf: 848742 bytes, checksum: 1d293ae153616b59c2b8699f6667eac2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2003Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Programa de Pós-Graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.Os manuais de medicina popular da autoria do polonês Pedro Luiz Napoleão Chernoviz (1812-1881) são situados no contexto médico do Brasil imperial, tanto como elementos de divulgação da ciência médica acadêmica, quanto como elementos da medicina popular propriamente dita (nesse caso, devido à sua larga utilização por leigos). Os manuais publicados no Brasil oitocentista apresentaram alguns pontos de continuidade e de ruptura com os do século XVIII, tanto em relação à apresentação quanto ao seu conteúdo. O caráter acadêmico, pedagógico, civilizador e higienista destes manuais do Império capacita pessoas do interior do país, longe dos médicos, aos primeiros-socorros e à formulação de diversos remédios. Num período em que a indústria dos livros é incentivada, o tipo de manual escrito por Chernoviz alcança grande sucesso. Através de uma nova identidade sócio-profissional, firmada em seu empreendimento editorial, Chernoviz comprovou seu domínio dos códigos da sociedade de corte que foi o Rio de Janeiro imperial. Personagens famosos da literatura nacional foram freqüentadores do manual, e, ficcionais ou reais, seus principais usuários foram os boticários, que atendiam também nas casas dos doentes, os sinhôs e sinhás, que medicavam seus agregados e escravos, além de diversas lideranças políticas e religiosas, e curiosos, cujos manuais serviriam de salvoconduto científico para suas medicinas junto à população pobre. Longe de representar a ubiqüidade dos médicos do Império, o Chernoviz, enquanto medicina de cabeceira, mostrou-se condizente com a estrutura social patriarcal, na medida em que seu conteúdo acadêmico se contamina de uma medicina doméstica, já familiar aos leitores.The manuals of popular medicine that were written by the Polish physician Pedro Luiz Napoleão Chernoviz (1812-1881) are contextualized within the period of imperial Brazil not only as divulgation texts of the scientific medicine but also had been used as actual texts of popular medicine (in this case, because of its wide use by the lay readers). These manuals, edited during the nineteenth century Brazil, showed some points of continuity and rupture with those of the eighteenth century, concerning their presentation and their contents. The academic, pedagogical, civilizer and hygienist nature of these manuals had enabled people that lived in rural areas of the country, far from the doctors, to practice emergency medicine and also to produce several pharmaceutical domestic formulas. During this period, where the book industry had had a great incentive, this type of manual, written by Chernoviz, reached an enormous editorial success. Through a new socio-professional identity, based on his editorial enterprise, Chernoviz proved his knowledge to the court society, represented by the imperial Rio de Janeiro. This doctor's trajectory, that was accepted in the Imperial Medical Academy - representative institution of the Imperial medical elite - and was protected by the Emperor, has been analyzed from his personal letters to Poland. The long-term success of his two main books (Formulary or Medical Guide, written to doctors, with 19 editions, and Popular Medicine Dictionary, written to lay people, with six editions) reflected in their updated contents the scientific medical progresses and modernization. That great popularization made impossible to identify which of the two works was the genuine Chernoviz of each reader. The name of the author was frequently substituted by the title of the manuals, which had been known as The Chernoviz. These manuals underwent, through times, many interpretative amalgams, from vade meci for more frequent diseases and for serious medical emergencies, to mere crendices repository. Famous representatives of the current national literature either have been readers of the manuals or included them in their fictional works, and, fictional or real, the main users of the manuals have been the boticários (pharmacists) that also worked at the sickrooms, the sinhôs (landowners) and sinhás (landowners' wives) that medicated their visitors and slaves. The manuals were used also by many political and religious leaders, and healers, who had them to legitimate scientifically their prescriptions to poor people. Far from representing the Imperial doctors’ ubiquity, the Chernoviz, as a head table medicine, went along with the current Brazilian patriarchal social structure, because its academic contents had been influenced by the domestic medicine, already familiar of the readers

Os manuais de medicina popular do Império e as doenças dos escravos: o exemplo do "Chernoviz"

O presente trabalho apresenta os conhecidos manuais de medicina popular da autoria do polonês Pedro Luiz Napoleão Chernoviz (1812-1881) no contexto médico do Brasil imperial, tanto como elementos de divulgação da ciência médica acadêmica, quanto como elementos da medicina popular propriamente dita (nesse caso, devido à sua larga utilização por leigos). O caráter acadêmico, pedagógico, civilizador e higienista destes manuais do Império capacitava pessoas do interior do país, distantes dos médicos, aos primeiros socorros e à formulação de diversos remédios

Os catedráticos de clínica médica e as propostas de reforma do ensino médico no Brasil nas décadas de 1950 e 1960

Made available in DSpace on 2013-01-07T15:59:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license.txt: 1748 bytes, checksum: 8a4605be74aa9ea9d79846c1fba20a33 (MD5) 12.pdf: 1377881 bytes, checksum: 07d30194145660c8a9740d84bc251271 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Casa de Oswaldo Cruz. Programa de Pós-Graduação em História das Ciências e da Saúde. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil.No presente trabalho foi realizada uma reflexão sobre a condução do ensino médico no Brasil. Afirma-se que os catedráticos de Clínica Médica da Faculdade de Medicina do Rio de Janeiro, e em especial o Professor Clementino Fraga Filho, tiveram papel de liderança neste processo. A tese pretendeu mostrar que, acima de quaisquer modelos apontados pela bibliografia especializada – franceses, germânicos ou norte-americanos - o grupo de catedráticos clínicos que chamamos de “geração dos anos 1950” acreditou que a Clínica Médica seria a base do ensino de medicina. Apresenta-se, aqui, então, a 1ª Cátedra de Clínica Médica, do Professor Clementino Fraga Filho, como um arquétipo de excelência de ensino.Além de terem buscado estimular a homogeneização dos currículos das diversas faculdades de medicina do País, estes professores propuseram a criação de departamentos, em oposição à instituição tradicional “cátedra”, que, por ser conduzida por um único indivíduo, seu ‘proprietário’, constituía-se um entrave para a qualidade do ensino da medicina.Os catedráticos clínicos elaboraram propostas de uma reforma para o ensino médico e para o ensino superior, em geral, que culminaria, em muitos pontos, num evento distinto de suas perspectivas iniciais, a Reforma Universitária de 1968. Suas aspirações curriculares e estruturais para o ensino médico foram frustradas, pois, longe de resultar em maior diálogo entre as diversas disciplinas, a Reforma terminaria em sua fragmentação.This work is a reflection about the leading of medical teaching in Brazil. We assert that the Professors of Internal Medicine of the Medical School of Rio de Janeiro, specially, Professor Clementino Fraga Filho, had had a principal role in its process. Our thesis intends to show that, overall any “educational model” - as a French, or a German or an American one – that is pointed out by a specialized bibliography, there is a group of Clinical Professors that we call here “1950’s generation” who believed that Clinical Medicine served as the main basis for medical teaching. We present the 1st Chair of Medical Clinics as a locus of expertise in Brazilian medical education. Besides they had given a raise to the medical curricula trying to get them more homogenous, in many Brazil Medical Schools, the clinical Professors suggested the creation of departments, in opposition to the traditional Chairs, because they believed that the Chairs were a problem to medical teaching. These Professors believed that the Chairs, leaded by only one Professor, so called “the owner”, should get worse the medical schools performance. The clinical Professors had created many propositions to a great medical teaching reform as well to the University teaching. These propositions would reach, in different aspects, a very different happening from their purposes – the University Reform of 1968. The Professors’ curricular and structural aspirations to the medical education have been frustrated because the Reform didn’t result in a better dialog among different disciplines, but in its fragmentation

A primeira viagem científica brasileira: a comissão científica do império

Submitted by Fábio Marques ([email protected]) on 2018-10-26T15:29:38Z No. of bitstreams: 1 A primeira viagem científica brasileira_Maria_Cotrim_INI_LapClin-AIDS_2013.pdf: 115494 bytes, checksum: 84ea747e07b054f0ecff9d7b2900ee83 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Regina Costa ([email protected]) on 2018-10-26T17:56:00Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 A primeira viagem científica brasileira_Maria_Cotrim_INI_LapClin-AIDS_2013.pdf: 115494 bytes, checksum: 84ea747e07b054f0ecff9d7b2900ee83 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-26T17:56:00Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 A primeira viagem científica brasileira_Maria_Cotrim_INI_LapClin-AIDS_2013.pdf: 115494 bytes, checksum: 84ea747e07b054f0ecff9d7b2900ee83 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013Fundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Laboratório de Pesquisa Clínica em DST/AIDS. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brasil

Unprotected sex among men who have sex with men living with HIV in Brazil: a cross-sectional study in Rio de Janeiro

Submitted by Rodrigo Senorans ([email protected]) on 2015-06-23T16:27:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Unprotected sex among men who have sex with.pdf: 373067 bytes, checksum: d2d63dcc89be503d182309684aba4a81 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Anderson Silva ([email protected]) on 2015-06-26T15:59:29Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Unprotected sex among men who have sex with.pdf: 373067 bytes, checksum: d2d63dcc89be503d182309684aba4a81 (MD5)Approved for entry into archive by Anderson Silva ([email protected]) on 2015-07-06T13:21:06Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Unprotected sex among men who have sex with.pdf: 373067 bytes, checksum: d2d63dcc89be503d182309684aba4a81 (MD5)Made available in DSpace on 2015-07-08T13:38:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Unprotected sex among men who have sex with.pdf: 373067 bytes, checksum: d2d63dcc89be503d182309684aba4a81 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014FAPERJUniversidade do Estado do Rio de Janeiro. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilChildren's Hospital Los Angeles. Division of Infectious Diseases. Los Angeles, CA, United States of AmericaFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilFundação Oswaldo Cruz. Instituto Nacional de Infectologia Evandro Chagas. Rio de Janeiro, RJ, BrasilBackground Many countries are facing concentrated HIV epidemics among vulnerable populations, including men who have sex with men (MSM). Unprotected anal intercourse (UAI) is the main HIV transmission route among them and its understanding in the different cultures and how it relates to HIV transmission, re-infection and development of HIV antiretroviral resistance has important public health implications. Data on UAI among Brazilian MSM are scarce. This study aims to evaluate the prevalence and associated factors of UAI among HIV-infected MSM who had sex with seronegative or male partners with an unknown serostatus. Method A cross-sectional study nested in a cohort was conducted in Rio de Janeiro, Brazil. The one hundred and fifty five MSM included in the study answered an ACASI interview and provided biological samples. Generalized linear models were used to identify variables associated with UAI. Results Overall, UAI with an HIV-negative or unknown serostatus male partner was reported by 40.6% (63/155) of MSM. Lifetime sexual abuse or domestic violence was reported by 35.9%, being more frequent among MSM who reported UAI compared to those who did not (P = 0.001). Use of stimulants before sex was reported by 20% of the MSM, being slightly higher among those who reported UAI (27.0% vs. 15.2%; P = 0.072). Commercial sex was frequent among all MSM (48.4%). After multivariate modeling, the report of sexual abuse or domestic violence (OR = 2.70; 95% CI: 1.08-7.01), commercial sex (OR = 2.28; 95% CI: 1.04- 5.10), the number of male sexual partners (p = 0.039) and exclusively receptive anal intercourse (OR = 0.21; 95% CI: 0.06-0.75) remained associated with UAI. CD4 levels, HIV viral load and antiretroviral therapy were not associated with UAI. Conclusion The UAI prevalence found with negative or unknown HIV status partners points out that other interventions are needed as additional prevention tools to vulnerable MSM. The main factors associated with UAI were a lifetime history of violence, commercial sex and the number of male sexual partners. This clustering of different behavioral, health and social problems in this population reinforce the need of a comprehensive approach on treating and preventing HIV among MSM