Why Is Law Enforcement Decentralized?

Law enforcement is decentralized. It is so despite documented interjurisdictional externalities which would justify its centralization. To explain this fact, we construct a political economy model of law enforcement. Under decentralization, law enforcement in each region is in accord with the preferences of regional citizens, but interjurisdictional externalities are neglected. Under centralization, law enforcement for all regions is chosen by a legislature of regional representatives which may take externalities into account. However, the majority rule applies for decisions made by the central legislature and this implies that the allocation of enforcement resources may be skewed in favour of those who belong to the required majority. We show that the choice between centralization and decentralization depends on the technology of law enforcement and the nature of the interjurisdictional externalities.Crime, Law enforcement, Decentralization, Externalities

Magnetic responses of randomly depleted spin ladders

The magnetic responses of a spin-1/2 ladder doped with non-magnetic impurities are studied using various methods and including the regime where frustration induces incommensurability. Several improvements are made on the results of the seminal work of Sigrist and Furusaki [J. Phys. Soc. Jpn. 65, 2385 (1996)]. Deviations from the Brillouin magnetic curve due to interactions are also analyzed. First, the magnetic profile around a single impurity and effective interactions between impurities are analyzed within the bond-operator mean-field theory and compared to density-matrix renormalization group calculations. Then, the temperature behavior of the Curie constant is studied in details. At zero-temperature, we give doping-dependent corrections to the results of Sigrist and Furusaki on general bipartite lattice and compute exactly the distribution of ladder cluster due to chain breaking effects. Using exact diagonalization and quantum Monte-Carlo methods on the effective model, the temperature dependence of the Curie constant is compared to a random dimer model and a real-space renormalization group scenario. Next, the low-part of the magnetic curve corresponding to the contribution of impurities is computed using exact diagonalization. The random dimer model is shown to capture the bulk of the curve, accounting for the deviation from the Brillouin response. At zero-temperature, the effective model prediction agrees relatively well with density-matrix renormalization group calculations. Finite-temperature effects are displayed within the effective model and for large depleted ladder models using quantum Monte-Carlo simulations. In all, the effect of incommensurability does not display a strong qualitative effect on both the magnetic susceptibility and the magnetic curve. Consequences for experiments on the BiCu2PO6 compound and other spin-gapped materials are briefly discussed.Comment: 24 pages, 20 figure

Mixed lipid bilayers with locally varying spontaneous curvature and bending

A model of lipid bilayers made of a mixture of two lipids with different average compositions on both leaflets, is developed. A Landau hamiltonian describing the lipid-lipid interactions on each leaflet, with two lipidic fields $\psi_1$ and $\psi_2$, is coupled to a Helfrich one, accounting for the membrane elasticity, via both a local spontaneous curvature, which varies as $C_0+C_1(\psi_1-\psi_2)/2$, and a bending modulus equal to $\kappa_0+\kappa_1(\psi_1+\psi_2)/2$. This model allows us to define curved patches as membrane domains where the asymmetry in composition, $\psi_1-\psi_2$, is large, and thick and stiff patches where $\psi_1+\psi_2$ is large. These thick patches are good candidates for being lipidic rafts, as observed in cell membranes, which are composed primarily of saturated lipids forming a liquid-ordered domain and are known to be thick and flat nano-domains. The lipid-lipid structure factors and correlation functions are computed for globally spherical membranes and planar ones. Phase diagrams are established, within a Gaussian approximation, showing the occurrence of two types of Structure Disordered phases, with correlations between either curved or thick patches, and an Ordered phase, corresponding to the divergence of the structure factor at a finite wave vector. The varying bending modulus plays a central role for curved membranes, where the driving force $\kappa_1C_0^2$ is balanced by the line tension, to form raft domains of size ranging from 10 to 100~nm. For planar membranes, raft domains emerge via the cross-correlation with curved domains. A global picture emerges from curvature-induced mechanisms, described in the literature for planar membranes, to coupled curvature- and bending-induced mechanisms in curved membranes forming a closed vesicle

Melting of a frustration-induced dimer crystal and incommensurability in the J_1-J_2 two-leg ladder

The phase diagram of an antiferromagnetic ladder with frustrating next-nearest neighbor couplings along the legs is determined using numerical methods (exact diagonalization and density-matrix renormalization group) supplemented by strong-coupling and mean-field analysis. Interestingly, this model displays remarkable features, bridging the physics of the J_1-J_2 chain and of the unfrustated ladder. The phase diagram as a function of the transverse coupling J_{\perp} and the frustration J_2 exhibits an Ising transition between a columnar phase of dimers and the usual rung-singlet phase of two-leg ladders. The transition is driven by resonating valence bond fluctuations in the singlet sector while the triplet spin gap remains finite across the transition. In addition, frustration brings incommensurability in the real-space spin correlation functions, the onset of which evolves smoothly from the J_1-J_2 chain value to zero in the large-J_{\perp} limit. The onset of incommensurability in the spin structure-factor and in the dispersion relation is also analyzed. The physics of the frustrated rung-singlet phase is well understood using perturbative expansions and mean-field theories in the large-J_{\perp} limit. Lastly, we discuss the effect of the non-trivial magnon dispersion relation on the thermodynamical properties of the system. The relation of this model and its physics to experimental observations on compounds which are currently investigated, such as BiCu_2PO_6, is eventually addressed.Comment: 13 pages, 13 figure

Identifying Fiscal Policy (In)effectiveness from the Differential Counter-Cyclicality of Government Spending in the Interwar Period

Differences across decades in the counter-cyclical stance of fiscal policy can identify whether the growth in government spending affects output growth and so speeds recovery from a recession. We study government-spending reaction functions from the 1920s and 1930s for twenty countries. There are two main findings. First, surprisingly, government spending was less counter-cyclical in the 1930s than in the 1920s. Second, the growth of government spending did not have a significant effect on output growth, so that there is little evidence that this feature of fiscal policy played a stabilizing role in the interwar period.fiscal policy, business-cycle history, Great Depression, interwar period

Phase diagram of hard-core bosons on clean and disordered 2-leg ladders: Mott insulator - Luttinger liquid - Bose glass

One dimensional free-fermions and hard-core bosons are often considered to be equivalent. Indeed, when restricted to nearest-neighbor hopping on a chain the particles cannot exchange themselves, and therefore hardly experience their own statistics. Apart from the off-diagonal correlations which depends on the so-called Jordan-Wigner string, real-space observables are similar for free-fermions and hard-core bosons on a chain. Interestingly, by coupling only two chains, thus forming a two-leg ladder, particle exchange becomes allowed, and leads to a totally different physics between free-fermions and hard-core bosons. Using a combination of analytical (strong coupling, field theory, renormalization group) and numerical (quantum Monte Carlo, density-matrix renormalization group) approaches, we study the apparently simple but non-trivial model of hard-core bosons hopping in a two-leg ladder geometry. At half-filling, while a band insulator appears for fermions at large interchain hopping tperp >2t only, a Mott gap opens up for bosons as soon as tperp\neq0 through a Kosterlitz-Thouless transition. Away from half-filling, the situation is even more interesting since a gapless Luttinger liquid mode emerges in the symmetric sector with a non-trivial filling-dependent Luttinger parameter 1/2\leq Ks \leq 1. Consequences for experiments in cold atoms, spin ladders in a magnetic field, as well as disorder effects are discussed. In particular, a quantum phase transition is expected at finite disorder strength between a 1D superfluid and an insulating Bose glass phase.Comment: 24 pages, 23 figure

Bulking II: Classifications of Cellular Automata

This paper is the second part of a series of two papers dealing with bulking: a way to define quasi-order on cellular automata by comparing space-time diagrams up to rescaling. In the present paper, we introduce three notions of simulation between cellular automata and study the quasi-order structures induced by these simulation relations on the whole set of cellular automata. Various aspects of these quasi-orders are considered (induced equivalence relations, maximum elements, induced orders, etc) providing several formal tools allowing to classify cellular automata