Wavelet coherence and phase analyses of meningitis time series between countries

<p><b>Copyright information:</b></p><p>Taken from "Comparative study of meningitis dynamics across nine African countries: a global perspective"</p><p>http://www.ij-healthgeographics.com/content/6/1/29</p><p>International Journal of Health Geographics 2007;6():29-29.</p><p>Published online 10 Jul 2007</p><p>PMCID:PMC1939699.</p><p></p> The left or top panel represents the wavelet coherence (x-axis: year, y-axis: period, in years). Blue, low coherence; red, high coherence. The dotted lines show the α = 5% and α = 10% significance levels based on 500 bootstrapped series. The cone of influence (black curve) indicates the region not influenced by edge effects. The right or bottom panels represent the phase analyse between two countries (in blue and red), based on wavelets for a given periodic band (white band). Green boxes represents the period of time where coherency is significant, i.e. when the interpretation of analyse is possible. Blue lines: first country (name in blue); red lines: second country (name in red); dashed lines: time delay between the two oscillating components (ΔT)

Patterns of daily accumulated number of cholera cases and rainfall for the Dakar region.

<p>Cholera cases and rainfall between May 10, and December 31, 2005, are represented by grey and black lines, respectively.</p

SST gradients comparison.

<p>(Top panel) SST dipole time series (black line) between 2002 and 2005 and the seasonal dipole mean computed over the four year period (grey line). (Bottom panel) SST dipole anomaly.</p

Temporal variability of cholera in Senegal.

<p>Daily accumulation of cholera cases anomaly observed over 11 regions of Senegal between May 10, and December 31, 2005.</p

Strains from Ghana, Togo, and Guinea situated on the maximum likelihood phylogenetic tree of the third wave of the seventh pandemic lineage of <i>V</i>. <i>cholerae</i>.

<p>The tree is based on the SNP differences across the whole core genome. An isolate from the first wave, Bangladesh 1975, was included as an outgroup to root the tree. An isolate from the second wave was also included (India 1990). The color of the branch tips indicates the country of origin, and the year of isolation is specified. The strains from Ghana, Togo, and Guinea are indicated using the same colors as in the Minimum Spanning Tree (Ghana in pink and red, Togo in orange and yellow, and Guinea in bright green). Labels A through G indicate the isolates from Ghana, Togo, and Guinea included on the MST in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006379#pntd.0006379.g003" target="_blank">Fig 3</a>. Scale is provided as the number of substitutions per variable site, and the SNPs are indicated on the branches.</p

Minimum Spanning Tree based on the MLVA types of 257 <i>V</i>. <i>cholerae</i> isolates from several recent West African cholera outbreaks.

<p>Each MLVA type is represented by a node (and a unique number), and the size of the nodes reflects the number of isolates of each MLVA type. The solid lines indicate the most likely single locus variant, while dashed lines indicate the most likely double locus variant. The colors reflect the distinct country and year of isolate origin. Pie charts indicate strains from different time periods or countries displaying an identical MLVA type. The two strains represented by MLVA types #1 and #44 were isolated from environmental samples in Guinea (encircled in red). Labels A through G indicate the isolates from Ghana, Togo, and Guinea included on the phylogenic tree in <a href="http://www.plosntds.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pntd.0006379#pntd.0006379.g004" target="_blank">Fig 4</a>.</p

Weekly evolution of cholera epidemics, rainfall levels, and the tested <i>V</i>. <i>cholerae</i> isolates in Greater Accra Region from 2011 to 2014.

<p>Suspected cholera cases are indicated in red (right y-axis), and rainfall is indicated in blue (left y-axis). The corresponding year is labeled on the x-axis. To integrate the epidemiological and MLVA/MST data, the three major MST clusters identified in Accra are indicated below the histogram of suspected cholera cases. GAR1 = the Ghana 2011 cluster (which gave rise to a few strains in 2012), GAR2 = the main Ghana 2012 cluster, and GAR3 = the Ghana 2014 cluster identified on the MST.</p

The number of suspected cholera cases reported in each country included in the study per year.

<p>The number of suspected cholera cases reported in each country included in the study per year.</p