Eficácia de uma nova formulação de glifosato para o controle de grama-seda (Cynodon dactylon), em pomar de citros. Efficacy of a new formulation of glyphosate to bermudagrass control (Cynodon dactylon) in citrus orchard

Avaliou-se a eficácia do herbicida glifosato potássico, comparado ao sulfosato e ao glifosato amínico, utilizados como padrões comerciais. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em um pomar de laranja da variedade Pêra-rio, infestado por grama-seda (Cynodon dactylon) com aproximadamente 25 cm de altura, em 70% da área. O experimento foi instalado no município de Taiúva-SP, em solo Podzólico Vermelho-Amarelo, distrófico, de textura arenosa, com relevo suave ondulado. Os tratamentos testados foram: glifosato potássico (ZAPP Qi) a 1,05; 2,10 e 2,50 kg e.a./ha, sulfosato (ZAPP) e glifosato amínico (ROUNDUP CS) a 1,98 e 2,16 kg e.a./ha, respectivamente, além da testemunha sem capina. Os herbicidas foram aplicados em pós-emergência da planta daninha, com pulverizador costal, à pressão constante (mantida por CO2 comprimido) de 2,5 kg/cm², munido de barra com seis bicos de jato plano ("leque") DG 11002, com um consumo de calda equivalente a 200 L/ha. Os melhores resultados de controle foram obtidos com 2,5 kg e.a./ha do glifosato potássico, que também garantiu menor brotação da grama-seda. No entanto, a dosagem de 2,10 kg e.a./ha deste mesmo herbicida não foi menos eficaz que o sulfosato e o glifosato, com 1,98 e 2,16 kg e.a./ha, respectivamente.<br>The aim of this experiment was to evaluate the performance of the potash glyphosate formulation, compared with sulphosate and aminic glyphosate formulation, used with commercial patterns, applied in orange orchard of Pera-rio variety, on the bermudagrass The experiment was conducted in Taiúva - SP, on ultisol. The treatments were: potash glyphosate (ZAPP Qi) at 1.05, 2.10 and 2.50 Kg a.e./ha, sulphosate (ZAPP) and aminic glyphosate formulation (ROUNDUP CS) at 1.98 and 2.16 Kg a.e./ha, respectively, along writh the control without weed. The herbicides were applied in postemergency with costal sprayer, constant pressure (2,5 kg/cm²), with six nozzles DG 11002. The equivalent spray volume was 200 L/ha. The best results were obtained with 2.50 kg a.e./ha rate of potash glyphosate guarantying smaller regrowth of the bermudagrass. However, the 2.10 kg a.e./ha rate guarantied as good control as sulphosate at 1.98 and glyphosate at 2.16 kg a.e./ha

Description and performance of track and primary-vertex reconstruction with the CMS tracker

A description is provided of the software algorithms developed for the CMS tracker both for reconstructing charged-particle trajectories in proton-proton interactions and for using the resulting tracks to estimate the positions of the LHC luminous region and individual primary-interaction vertices. Despite the very hostile environment at the LHC, the performance obtained with these algorithms is found to be excellent. For tbar t events under typical 2011 pileup conditions, the average track-reconstruction efficiency for promptly-produced charged particles with transverse momenta of p(T) > 0.9GeV is 94% for pseudorapidities of |η| < 0.9 and 85% for 0.9 < |η| < 2.5. The inefficiency is caused mainly by hadrons that undergo nuclear interactions in the tracker material. For isolated muons, the corresponding efficiencies are essentially 100%. For isolated muons of p(T) = 100GeV emitted at |η| < 1.4, the resolutions are approximately 2.8% in p(T), and respectively, 10μm and 30μm in the transverse and longitudinal impact parameters. The position resolution achieved for reconstructed primary vertices that correspond to interesting pp collisions is 10–12μm in each of the three spatial dimensions. The tracking and vertexing software is fast and flexible, and easily adaptable to other functions, such as fast tracking for the trigger, or dedicated tracking for electrons that takes into account bremsstrahlung