Contact with Fluoride-Releasing Restorative Materials Can Arrest Simulated Approximal Caries Lesion

Previous studies have suggested that the presence of white-spot lesion is very probable when adjacent surface is affected by cavitated lesions. This study evaluated the potential of different fluoride-releasing restorative materials in arresting enamel white-spot lesions in approximal surface in contact with them, in vitro (I) and in situ (II). White-spot lesions were formed in 240 primary enamel specimens via pH-cycling. They were put in contact with cylindrical blocks of 6 materials (n=20): composite resin, 2 high-viscous glass ionomer cements (HVGIC), resin-modified GIC, resin-modified nanoionomer, and polyacid-modified resin. In both studies I and II, these settings were designed to simulate the contact point between the restoration and simulated approximal lesion. For study I, they were subjected to a new pH-cycling cariogenic challenge for 7 or 14 days (n=10). For study II, a randomized double-blind in situ design was conducted in two phases (7/14 days) to promote cariogenic challenge. At the end of both studies, specimens were collected for mineral analysis by cross-sectional microhardness. Higher mineral loss was observed for lesions in contact with resin (p<0.001). HVGICs were the most efficient in preventing mineral loss, whereas other materials presented an intermediate behavior. It is concluded that fluoride-releasing materials can moderately reduce white-spot lesions progression, and HVGIC can arrest enamel lesion in approximal surface in contact with them

Erosive potential of different types of grape juices

The purpose of the present study was to evaluate the erosive potential of different types (concentrated and powdered) and commercial brands of industrialised grape juices. The pH of all five fruit drinks was measured at two time points: immediately after preparation and 24 hours later. Sixty specimens of bovine enamel were randomly allocated and immersed in different types of grape juice (n = 10) for 10 minutes four times a day for fifteen days. The enamel alteration was analysed using surface Knoop microhardness (KHN) and surface roughness (R-a) tests at baseline and on the 5th, 10th and 15th days of the experiment. Two way ANOVA, Tukey's post hoc and Pearson's correlation tests were used for statistical analysis (alpha = 5%). The grape juices presented pH values ranging from 2.9 to 3.5. All of the tested juices promoted significant enamel mineral loss (p &lt; 0.05) on the first evaluation (5th day of immersion) and produced a significant increase in the mean roughness from the 10th day on when compared to the control group (p &lt; 0.05). By the 15th day, all of the beverages had produced surface roughnesses that were significantly higher than that of the control group. The results suggest that all grape juices, regardless of their commercial presentation, present erosive potential

Mineral content of enamel carious lesions in approximal contact with different restorative materials in primary teeth

Por ser comum a existência de lesão de mancha branca em superfícies proximais adjacentes à lesões de cárie já cavitadas, este estudo teve como objetivo investigar o efeito terapêutico de materiais que liberam flúor sobre lesões com as quais estejam em contato proximal, in vitro (I) e in situ (II). Para o estudo I, 130 blocos de esmalte obtidos de caninos decíduos passaram pelo processo de indução de lesão de cárie por ciclagem de pH, durante 10 dias. As medições do conteúdo mineral foram realizadas por meio da análise de fluorescência induzida pela luz (QLF e VistaProof), no momento inicial (esmalte hígido) e após a formação das lesões de mancha branca. Dez espécimes foram recolhidos e seccionados transversalmente, no centro da lesão, para análise de dureza transversal (Shimadzu Micro Hardness tester, 25g, 15s). Posteriormente, blocos cilíndricos foram preparados com 6 diferentes materiais restauradores (n=20): resina composta (Z350®), cimento de ionômero de vidro (CIV) de alta viscosidade (Ketac Molar® e Riva Self Cure®), CIV modificado por resina (Vitremer®), CIV modificado por resina nanoparticulado (Ketac Nano®) e resinas compostas modificadas por poliácidos (Dyract Extra®). Cada bloco de esmalte foi unido a um bloco de material, de modo que a face da lesão e a do material simulassem o ponto de contato existente em uma restauração ocluso-proximal. Estes conjuntos sofreram então novo desafio cariogênico (ciclagem de pH) durante 7 (n=10) ou 14 dias (n=10). Após o desafio, os 120 espécimes foram recolhidos e novamente analisados com relação à fluorescência induzida. Em seguida, foram seccionados transversalmente no centro da lesão para que fosse feita a análise de dureza transversal. Para o estudo II, os espécimes foram preparados de maneira semelhante ao estudo I, porém, para a etapa do desafio cariogênico (após o contato com os materiais restauradores), os 120 espécimes foram inseridos em dispositivos intra-orais. Dez voluntários utilizaram os dispositivos em duas fases (7 e 14 dias), com intervalo de 1 semana entre elas. Os voluntários gotejaram solução de sacarose 20%, 8 vezes/dia e utilizaram dentifrício fluoretado (1.450 ppm) 3 vezes/dia durante o estudo. Ao final de ambos os estudos, todos os espécimes foram recolhidos e analisados com relação ao conteúdo mineral pelos métodos de fluorescência induzida e pelo teste de microdureza transversal. Para análise de normalidade e homogeneidade dos dados obtidos foram utilizados os testes de Anderson-Darling e Levene, respectivamente. Para o estudo I, ANOVA de dois fatores com teste complementar de Tukey não demonstrou diferença entre os valores obtidos com o QLF para os diferentes grupos e tempos após desafio (=0,05). Para os valores de dureza, no entanto, o mesmo teste confirmou que há menor perda mineral para as lesões em contato com o CIV de alta viscosidade, quando comparado com a resina composta e com o resinas compostas modificadas por poliácidos. Após 14 dias de desafio, o CIV de alta viscosidade mostra-se superior também aos CIVs modificados por resina e compômer. Para o estudo II, análise de multinível demonstrou haver maior perda para aquelas lesões em contato com a resina composta e o resinas compostas modificadas por poliácidos, para os valores obtidos com o QLF, enquanto que para os valores de dureza o mesmo teste demonstra que os CIVs de alta viscosidade desempenham melhor performance comparado a todos os outros grupos de materiais, independente do tempo de desafio. Os valores obtidos com o equipamento Vista Proof não diferiram estatisticamente com relação aos grupos ou períodos experimentais, em ambos os estudos, de acordo com os testes de Mann-Whitney e Kruskal-Wallis (=0,05). Embora diferentes materiais liberadores de flúor possam reduzir a progressão de lesões de cárie quando em contato proximal, o CIV de alta viscosidade mostra-se com uma melhor opção para este fim.This study investigated the possibility of caries lesions arrest when in approximal contact with fluoride-releasing restorative materials, in vitro (I) and in situ (II). White-spot lesions were initially formed in 130 primary enamel specimens via a pH cycling regimen during 10 days. Light-induced fluorescence images (QLF and Vista Proof) were made of each enamel slab at the beginning and after the lesions induction to assess the mineral loss/gain of the artificial caries lesions. Ten specimens were collected and transversally cut for microhardness analysis. The rest of them were put in contact with cylindrical blocks of 6 different materials (n=20): composite resin (Z350®), high viscous glass ionomer (GIC) (Ketac Molar® and Riva Self Cure®), resin-modified GIC (Vitremer®), resin- modified nano-ionomer (Ketac Nano®) and compomer (Dyract Extra®). These settings were designed to simulate the contact point between the restoration and the approximal lesion. For the study I, they were subjected to a new cariogenic challenge (pH cycling) for 7 (n=10) or 14 days (n=10). For the study II, the specimens were prepared in a similar manner and a randomized double-blind in situ design was conducted in two phases (7/14 days) for the subsequent cariogenic challenge. Ten volunteers wore palatal devices containing 6 specimens (caries lesion + restorative). The volunteers used fluoride dentifrice 3x/day and a 20% sucrose solution was dripped onto the slabs 8x /day. At the end of both studies, specimens were collected for mineral analysis by fluorescence methods and traversal microhardnes. Distribution of data and equality of variances were determined using KolmogorovSmirnov and Levene tests. Two-way ANOVA demonstrated no differences for values obtained with QLF for the study I (=0.05). The same test demonstrated lower mineral loss for specimens in contact with high viscous GIC for the CSMH analysis. After 14 days, high viscous GIC were even superior to resin-modified GIC or compomer. For the study II, multilevel analysis demonstrated higher mineral loss for the specimens in contact with composite resin and compomer for values obtained with QLF (=0.05). The CSMH analysis demonstrated that high viscous GIC had the best performance when compared to all other materials, regardless the duration of challenge. For both studies, Mann-Whitney and Kruskal-Wallis demonstrated no differences for values obtained with VistaProof (=0.05). In conclusion, high viscous GIC can arrest enamel lesion when in approximal contact with them, although other fluoride-releasing materials can moderately prevent enamel loss

Eroded dentin does not jeopardize the bond strength of adhesive restorative materials

This in vitro study evaluated the bond strength of adhesive restorative materials to sound and eroded dentin. Thirty-six bovine incisors were embedded in acrylic resin and ground to obtain flat buccal dentin surfaces. Specimens were randomly allocated in 2 groups: sound dentin (immersion in artificial saliva) and eroded dentin (pH cycling model - 3× / cola drink for 7 days). Specimens were then reassigned according to restorative material: glass ionomer cement (KetacTM Molar Easy Mix), resin-modified glass ionomer cement (VitremerTM) or adhesive system with resin composite (Adper Single Bond 2 + Filtek Z250). Polyethylene tubes with an internal diameter of 0.76 mm were placed over the dentin and filled with the material. The microshear bond test was performed after 24 h of water storage at 37ºC. The failure mode was evaluated using a stereomicroscope (400×). Bond strength data were analyzed with two-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc tests (&#945; = 0.05). Eroded dentin showed bond strength values similar to those for sound dentin for all materials. The adhesive system showed the highest bond strength values, regardless of the substrate (p < 0.0001). For all groups, the adhesive/mixed failure prevailed. In conclusion, adhesive materials may be used in eroded dentin without jeopardizing the bonding quality. It is preferable to use an etch-and-rinse adhesive system because it shows the highest bond strength values compared with the glass ionomer cements tested

Influence of ultrasound or halogen light on microleakage and hardness of enamel adjacent to glass ionomer cement

Background. The use of external sources of energy may accelerate the setting rate of glass ionomer cements (GICs) allowing better initial mechanical properties. Aim. To investigate the influence of ultrasound and halogen light on the microleakage and hardness of enamel adjacent to GIC restorations, after artificial caries challenge. Design. Cavities were prepared in 60 primary canines, restored with GIC, and randomly distributed into three groups: control group (CG), light group (LG) - irradiation with a halogen lightcuring unit for 60 s, and ultrasonic group (UG) application of ultrasonic scaler device for 15 s. All specimens were then submitted to a cariogenic challenge in a pH cycling model. Half of sample in each group were immersed in methylene blue for 4 h and sectioned for dye penetration analysis. The remaining specimens were submitted to Knoop cross-sectional microhardness assessments, and mineral changes were calculated for adjacent enamel. Results. Data were compared using Kruskal-Wallis test and two- way ANOVA with 5% significance. Higher dye penetration was observed for the UG (P &lt; 0.01). No significant mineral changes were observed between groups (P = 0.844). Conclusion. The use of halogen light- curing unit does not seem to interfere with the properties of GICs, whereas the use of ultrasound can affect its marginal sealing

The bonding of glass ionomer cements to caries-affected primary tooth dentin

PURPOSE The purpose of this study was to evaluate the bonding of glass ionomer cements (GICs) to sound and caries-affected dentin by microtensile bond strength (μTBS) and nanoleakage (NL) tests. METHODS Occlusal cavity preparations were made in 36 sound primary molars. Half of the specimens were submitted to a pH-cycling model to create simulated caries-affected dentin. Teeth were randomly restored with one of the three materials: (1) resin-modified GIC with nanoparticles (Ketac N100; KN); (2) resin-modified GIC (Vitremer; VI); and (3) high-viscosity GIC (Ketac Molar Easy Mix; KM). Specimens were tested using a microtensile test (1 mm/minute). One specimen from each tooth was immersed in ammoniacal silver nitrate for 24 hours and revealed after eight hours to assess interfacial NL. The μTBS means were analyzed by 2-way analysis of variance and Tukey's post hoc test. For NL, Kruskal-Wallis and Mann-Whitney tests were used (P<.05). RESULTS No difference was found between sound and caries-affected dentin (P>.05). KM showed the lowest GIC-dentin μTBS values, while VI and KN showed higher values. Infiltration of ammoniacal silver nitrate into the adhesive interface was not affected by sound or caries-affected dentin. CONCLUSION Caries-affected dentin does not jeopardize the bonding of glass ionomer cements to primary tooth dentin