Receiver operating curves (ROC) of AGE for predicting abnormal FMD in the (a) hemodialysis group, and (b) the non-CKD group.

<p>Receiver operating curves (ROC) of AGE for predicting abnormal FMD in the (a) hemodialysis group, and (b) the non-CKD group.</p

Using one-way analysis of variance and post-hoc multiple comparisons with Bonferroni’s correction to investigate the differences of skin AF levels, and FMD values between the non-CKD, uremia with DM, and uremia without DM groups.

<p>(a) The skin AF level was significantly lower in the non-CKD group than in the uremia group (P<0.01). However, the skin AF level was similar between the uremia with or without DM groups. (b) The FMD value was significantly higher in the non-CKD group than in the uremia group (P<0.01). However, the FMD value was similar between the uremia with or without DM groups.</p

Diterpene Glycosides and Polyketides from <i>Xylotumulus gibbisporus</i>

Four new tetracyclic diterpene glycosides, namely, sordarins C–F (<b>1</b>–<b>4</b>), and three new γ-lactone polyketides, namely, xylogiblactones A–C (<b>5</b>–<b>7</b>), along with sordarin were isolated from the ethyl acetate extracts of the fermented broths of <i>Xylotumulus gibbisporus</i> YMJ863. The structures of <b>1</b>–<b>7</b> were elucidated on the basis of spectroscopic data analyses. The configurations of <b>1</b>–<b>4</b> were deduced by NOESY, molecular modeling, and comparison with the literature. The relative configurations of <b>5</b>–<b>7</b> were deduced by X-ray crystallographic analysis of <b>5</b>. Compounds <b>1</b>–<b>5</b> and sordarin were evaluated in an antifungal assay using <i>Candida albicans</i> ATCC 18804, <i>C. albicans</i> ATCC MYA-2876, and <i>Saccharomyces cerevisiae</i> ATCC 2345, and only sordarin exhibited significant antifungal activities against these fungal strains, with MIC values of 64.0, 32.0, and 32.0 μg/mL, respectively. The effect of compounds <b>1</b>–<b>7</b> and sordarin on the inhibition of NO production in lipopolysaccharide-activated murine macrophages was also evaluated. Compounds <b>2</b> and sordarin inhibited NO production with IC₅₀ values of 327.2 ± 46.6 and 157.1 ± 24.1 μM, respectively

Angiogenesis Inhibitors and Anti-Inflammatory Agents from <i>Phoma</i> sp. NTOU4195

Seven new polyketides, phomaketides A–E (<b>1</b>–<b>5</b>) and pseurotins A₃ (<b>6</b>) and G (<b>7</b>), along with the known compounds FR-111142, pseurotins A, A₁, A₂, D, and F₂, 14-norpseurotin A, α-carbonylcarbene, tyrosol, cyclo­(-l-Pro-l-Leu), and cyclo­(-l-Pro-l-Phe), were purified from the fermentation broth and mycelium of the endophytic fungal strain <i>Phoma</i> sp. NTOU4195 isolated from the marine red alga <i>Pterocladiella capillacea</i>. The structures were established through interpretation of spectroscopic data. The antiangiogenic and anti-inflammatory effects of <b>1</b>–<b>7</b> and related analogues were evaluated using human endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-activated murine macrophage RAW264.7 cells, respectively. Of the compounds tested, compound <b>1</b> exhibited the most potent antiangiogenic activity by suppressing the tube formation of EPCs with an IC₅₀ of 8.1 μM, and compound <b>3</b> showed the most selective inhibitory activity of LPS-induced NO production in RAW264.7 macrophages with an IC₅₀ value of 8.8 μM

Secondary Metabolites from the Roots of <i>Neolitsea daibuensis</i> and Their Anti-inflammatory Activity

Bioassay-guided fractionation of the roots of <i>Neolitsea daibuensis</i> afforded three new β-carboline alkaloids, daibucarbolines A–C (<b>1</b>–<b>3</b>), three new sesquiterpenoids, daibulactones A and B (<b>4</b> and <b>5</b>) and daibuoxide (<b>6</b>), and 20 known compounds. The structures of <b>1</b>–<b>6</b> were determined by spectroscopic analysis and single-crystal X-ray diffraction. Daibucarboline A (<b>1</b>), isolinderalactone (<b>7</b>), 7-<i>O</i>-methylnaringenin (<b>8</b>), and prunetin (<b>9</b>) exhibited moderate iNOS inhibitory activity, with IC₅₀ values of 18.41, 0.30, 19.55, and 10.50 μM, respectively

Effects of swimming and intravenous infusion with or without lactate or pyruvate for 10 min (as shown by a horizontal bar) on the concentration of plasma aldosterone in male rats.

<p>+, <i>P</i><0.05 compared with the corresponding value at 0 min by the Student's paired <i>t</i>-test. *, <i>P</i><0.05 compared with water immersion group by the two way ANOVA.</p

Effects of sodium lactate (1–10 mM) on the vehicle or angiotensin II (10⁻⁸ M)-stimulated aldosterone release by rat ZG cells.

<p>The challenge medium of glucose concentration was 200 mg/dl. +<i>P</i><0.05 <i>vs.</i> basal level by the Student's paired <i>t</i>-test; *<i>P</i><0.05 <i>vs.</i> lactate = 1 mM by the two way ANOVA.</p

Basal levels of rat plasma glucose, lactate, sodium and potassium in different experiments.

a<p>Mean±SEM.</p><p>Basal levels of rat plasma glucose, lactate, sodium and potassium in different experiments.</p

Effect of lactate on expression of StAR.

<p>(<b>A</b>) A representative western blot analysis for the expression of StAR protein in rat ZG cells after incubation with or without sodium lactate (1–10 mM) in the presence or absence of Ang II (1×10⁻⁸ M). (<b>B</b>) Quantification of the effect of lactate on StAR protein expression by standarization against the internal control β-actin. *<i>P</i><0.05 and ** <i>P</i><0.01 <i>vs.</i> the corresponding group in the absence of Ang II. #, ##, <i>P</i><0.05 and <i>P</i><0.01, respectively by the two way ANOVA.</p

Effects of swimming and intravenous infusion with or without lactate or pyruvate for 10 min (as shown by a horizontal bar) on the concentrations of plasma ACTH (A) and plasma corticosterone (B) in male rats.

<p>+, <i>P</i><0.05, ++, <i>P</i><0.01 compared with the corresponding value at 0 min by the Student's paired <i>t</i>-test. *, <i>P</i><0.05, **, <i>P</i><0.01 compared with water immersion group by the two way ANOVA.</p