Pseudo-reference regions for glial imaging with (11)C-PBR28:investigation in two clinical cohorts

none14The translocator protein (TSPO) is a commonly used imaging target to investigate neuroinflammation. While TSPO imaging demonstrates great promise, its signal exhibits substantial interindividual variability, which needs to be accounted for to uncover group effects that are truly reflective of neuroimmune activation. Recent evidence suggests that relative metrics computed using pseudo-reference approaches can minimize within-group variability, and increase sensitivity to detect physiologically meaningful group differences. Here, we evaluated various ratio approaches for TSPO imaging and compared them with standard kinetic modeling techniques, analyzing two different disease cohorts. Patients with chronic low back pain (cLBP) or amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) and matching healthy controls received (11)C-PBR28 PET scans. Occipital cortex, cerebellum and whole brain were first evaluated as candidate pseudo-reference regions by testing for the absence of group differences in Standardized Uptake Value (SUV) and distribution volume (VT) estimated with an arterial input function (AIF). SUV from target regions (cLBP study - thalamus; ALS study - precentral gyrus) was normalized with SUV from candidate pseudo-reference regions to obtain SUVRoccip, SUVRcereb, and SUVRWB The sensitivity to detect group differences in target regions was compared using various SUVR approaches, as well as distribution volume ratio (DVR) estimated with (blDVR) or without AIF (refDVR), and VT Additional voxelwise SUVR group analyses were performed. We observed no significant group differences in pseudo-reference VT or SUV, excepting whole-brain VT, which was higher in cLBP patients than controls. Target VT elevations in patients (P = 0.028 and 0.051 in cLBP and ALS, respectively) were similarly detected by SUVRoccip and SUVRWB, and by refDVR and blDVR (less reliably by SUVRcereb). In voxelwise analyses, SUVRoccip, but not SUVRcereb, identified regional group differences initially observed with SUVRWB, and in additional areas suspected to be affected in the pathology examined. All ratio metrics were highly cross-correlated, but generally were not associated with VT While important caveats need to be considered when using relative metrics, ratio analyses appear to be similarly sensitive to detect pathology-related group differences in (11)C-PBR28 signal as classic kinetic modeling techniques. Occipital cortex may be a suitable pseudo-reference region, at least for the populations evaluated, pending further validation in larger cohorts.noneAlbrecht, Daniel Strakis; Normandin, Marc David; Shcherbinin, Sergey; Wooten, Dustin W; Schwarz, Adam J; Zurcher, Nicole R; Barth, Vanessa N; Guehl, Nicolas J; Johnson-Akeju, Oluwaseun; Atassi, Nazem; Veronese, Mattia; Turkheimer, Federico; Hooker, Jacob M; Loggia, Marco LucianoAlbrecht, Daniel Strakis; Normandin, Marc David; Shcherbinin, Sergey; Wooten, Dustin W; Schwarz, Adam J; Zurcher, Nicole R; Barth, Vanessa N; Guehl, Nicolas J; Johnson-Akeju, Oluwaseun; Atassi, Nazem; Veronese, Mattia; Turkheimer, Federico; Hooker, Jacob M; Loggia, Marco Lucian

Mesure quantitative du débit sanguin myocardique au repos et pendant effort simulé lors d'une acquisition unique en tomographie par émission de positons

Les études de perfusion du myocarde en tomographie par émission de positons (TEP) sont utilisées pour diagnostiquer l’étendue de maladies coronariennes. La TEP peut aussi mesurer le débit sanguin myocardique en valeur absolue, au repos et en période d’effort. Une des limitations réside dans le fait que l’activité résiduelle de l’examen de repos ne doit pas contaminer l’examen réalisé en phase d’effort. Il est donc nécessaire de séparer les deux acquisitions de 3 à 5 périodes radioactives. Il est maintenant possible d’utiliser de nouveaux traceurs marqués au fluor 18 pour quantifier le débit sanguin myocardique avec précision. Leur période offre la possibilité d’une distribution régionale mais complique la logistique des examens, en rallongeant la durée d’attente entre les deux acquisitions. Pour s’affranchir de cette contrainte, une nouvelle méthode a récemment été proposée (Alpert et al. 2012). Cette méthode permet de mesurer le débit sanguin myocardique au repos et en phase d’effort lors d’une seule session d’imagerie. Le but de cette thèse était de démontrer la faisabilité expérimentale de cette technique et de l’améliorer pour une éventuelle application clinique. Nous avons validé la méthode dans un modèle animal (cochon) pour le traceur 18F-Flurpiridaz puis, nous avons développé un algorithme pour générer rapidement des images paramétriques et des images standard de perfusion au repos et pendant effort. Nous avons ensuite validé nos méthodes pour le traceur 13NH3 qui est utilisé en clinique dans certains pays. Enfin, nous avons proposé une méthode pour la création d’un atlas multimodal 4D dans le but de faciliter les comparaisons entre acquisitions et sujets.Positron emission tomography (PET) cardiac perfusion studies are used in the clinic to diagnose the extent of coronary artery disease. PET can also measure absolute myocardial blood flow (MBF) at rest and during stress. One limitation is that radioactivity from the rest scan must not affect the stress scan, making it necessary to wait 3 to 5 half-lives between studies for sufficient radioactive decay to occur. With the advent of new myocardial flow tracers, it is now possible to use 18F- tracers for myocardial perfusion imaging and accurate MBF quantification. Their physical half-life does not require the need of on-site cyclotron but constitutes a logistical complication for rest/stress measurements because of the between scan waiting period needed. To address this issue an alternative protocol was previously proposed (Alpert et al. 2012). In the new method rest and stress MBF is measured during a single-scan session. The goal of this thesis was to demonstrate the feasibility of this technique in experimental measurements and to improve its practicality for future clinical application. First, we demonstrated the use of the method in a porcine model for standard bull’s eye, segmental analysis using the novel flow tracer 18F-Flurpiridaz. We then extended the method and developed a computationally efficient algorithm to provide rest/stress MBF parametric maps and to generate rest/stress standard perfusion images in a timely manner. Third, we demonstrated the applicability of our methods to the clinically used radiotracer 13NH3. Lastly, we developed a framework for the construction of a 4D multimodal probabilistic atlas to facilitate inter- and intra-subjects comparisons

Electrophysiological Correlates of a Versatile Executive Control System in the Monkey Anterior Cingulate Cortex.

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Caractères foliaires de productivité et de discrimination isotopique vis-à-vis du carbone chez 31 cultivars de P x canadensis

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Caractères foliaires de productivité et de discrimination isotopique vis-à-vis du carbone chez 31 cultivars de P x canadensis

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Functional diversity among Populus and Canadensis cultivars

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La structure des feuilles comme indicateur de la productivité et de la discrimination isotopique du carbone chez le peupliers euraméricains

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Diversity of leaf traits related to productivity in 31 Populus deltoides x Populus nigra clones

International audienceTo test if some leaf parameters are predictors of productivity in a range of Populus deltoides (Bartr.) Marsh. × P. nigra L. clones, we assessed leaf traits and productivity in 2-month-old rooted cuttings from 31 clones growing in 4-l pots in a greenhouse, under conditions of controlled temperature and optimal irrigation. We evaluated four groups of variables describing (1) productivity (total biomass), (2) leaf growth (total leaf number increment and total leaf area increment rate), (3) leaf structure (specific leaf area and nitrogen and carbon contents) and (4) carbon isotope discrimination (∆), which is negatively correlated with time-integrated water-use efficiency. High-yielding clones did not necessarily display high leaf growth rates, but they displayed a larger total leaf area, lower specific leaf area and lower leaf nitrogen concentration than clones with low productivity. Total leaf area was mainly controlled by maximal individual leaf area and total leaf area increment rate (r = 0.51 and 0.56, respectively). Carbon isotope discrimination did not correlate with total biomass, but it was associated with total number of leaves and total leaf area increment rate (r = 0.39 and 0.45, respectively). Therefore, leaf area and specific leaf area were better indicators of productivity than leaf growth traits. The observed independence of ∆ from biomass production provides opportunities for selecting poplar clones combining high productivity and high water-use efficiency

Functional diversity among Populus and Canadensis cultivars

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