23 research outputs found
Theory of Optical Nonlocality in Polar Dielectrics
Sub-wavelength confinement of mid-infrared light can be achieved exploiting
the metal-like optical response of polar dielectric crystals in their
Reststrahlen spectral region, where they support evanescent modes termed
surface phonon polaritons. In the past few years the investigation of phonon
polaritons localised in nanoresonators and layered heterostructures has enjoyed
remarkable success, highlighting them as a promising platform for mid-infrared
nanophotonic applications. Here we prove that the standard local dielectric
description of phonon polaritons in nanometric objects fails due to the
nonlocal nature of the phonon response and we develop the corresponding
nonlocal theory. Application of our general theory to both dielectric
nanospheres and thin films demonstrates that polar dielectrics exhibit a rich
nonlocal phenomenology, qualitatively different from the one of plasmonic
systems, due to the negative dispersion of phononic optical modes.Comment: 13 pages, 6 figure
Theory of four-wave-mixing in phonon polaritons
Third order anharmonic scattering in light-matter systems can drive a wide
variety of practical and physically interesting processes from lasing to
polariton condensation. Motivated by recent experimental results in the
nonlinear optics of localised phonon polaritons, in this Letter we develop a
quantum theory capable of describing four-wave mixing in arbitrarily
inhomogeneous photonic environments. Using it we investigate Kerr
self-interaction and parametric scattering of surface and localised phonon
polaritons, showing both processes to be within experimental reach.Comment: 20 pages, 3 figure
Real-space Hopfield diagonalization of inhomogeneous dispersive media
We introduce a real-space technique able to extend the standard Hopfield
approach commonly used in quantum polaritonics to the case of inhomogeneous
lossless materials interacting with the electromagnetic field. We derive the
creation and annihilation polaritonic operators for the system normal modes as
linear, space-dependent superpositions of the microscopic light and matter
fields, and we invert the Hopfield transformation expressing the microscopic
fields as functions of the polaritonic operators. As an example, we apply our
approach to the case of a planar interface between vacuum and a polar
dielectric, showing how we can consistently treat both propagative and surface
modes, and express their nonlinear interactions, arising from phonon
anharmonicity, as polaritonic scattering terms. We also show that our theory
can be naturally extended to the case of dissipative materials
Electrical Generation of Surface Phonon Polaritons
Efficient electrical generation of mid-infrared light is challenging because
of the dearth of materials with natural dipole-active electronic transitions in
this spectral region. One approach to solve this problem is through
quantum-engineering of the electron dispersion to create artificial
transitions, as in quantum cascade devices. In this work we propose an
alternative method to generate mid-infrared light, utilizing the coupling
between longitudinal and transverse degrees of freedom due to the nonlocal
optical response of nanoscopic polar dielectric crystals. Polar crystals
support transverse sub-diffraction photonic modes in the mid-infrared. They
also support longitudinal phonons, which couple efficiently with electrical
currents through the Fr\"ohlich interaction. As we have shown in previous
theoretical and experimental works, these two degrees of freedom can hybridize
forming longitudinal-transverse polaritons. Here we theoretically demonstrate
that longitudinal-transverse polaritons can be efficiently generated by
electrical currents, leading to resonant narrowband photonic emission. This
approach can therefore be utilised to electrically generate far-field
mid-infrared photons in the absence of dipole-active electronic transitions,
potentially underpinning a novel generation of mid-infrared optoelectronic
devices.Comment: 14 pages, 6 figure
Theoretical Investigation of Phonon Polaritons in SiC Micropillar Resonators
Of late there has been a surge of interest in localised phonon polariton
resonators which allow for sub-diffraction confinement of light in the
mid-infrared spectral region by coupling to optical phonons at the surface of
polar dielectrics. Resonators are generally etched on deep substrates which
support propagative surface phonon polariton resonances. Recent experimental
work has shown that understanding the coupling between localised and
propagative surface phonon polaritons in these systems is vital to correctly
describe the system resonances. In this paper we comprehensively investigate
resonators composed of arrays of cylindrical SiC resonators on SiC substrates.
Our bottom-up approach, starting from the resonances of single, free standing
cylinders and isolated substrates, and exploiting both numerical and analytical
techniques, allows us to develop a consistent understanding of the parameter
space of those resonators, putting on firmer ground this blossoming technology.Comment: 10 Pages, 8 Figure
Coherent coupling between localised and propagating phonon polaritons
Following the recent observation of localised phonon polaritons in
user-defined silicon carbide nano-resonators, here we demonstrate coherent
coupling between those localised modes and propagating phonon polaritons bound
to the surface of the nano-resonator's substrate. In order to obtain
phase-matching, the nano-resonators have been fabricated to serve the double
function of hosting the localised modes, while also acting as grating for the
propagating ones. The coherent coupling between long lived, optically
accessible localised modes, and low-loss propagative ones, opens the way to the
design and realisation of phonon-polariton based quantum circuits
Second harmonic generation from strongly coupled localized and propagating phonon-polariton modes
We experimentally investigate second harmonic generation from strongly
coupled localized and propagative phonon polariton modes in arrays of silicon
carbide nanopillars. Our results clearly demonstrate the hybrid nature of the
system's eigenmodes and distinct manifestation of strong coupling in the linear
and nonlinear response. While in linear reflectivity the intensity of the two
strongly-coupled branches is essentially symmetric and well explained by their
respective localized or propagative components, the second harmonic signal
presents a strong asymmetry. Analyzing it in detail, we reveal the importance
of interference effects between the nonlinear polarization terms originating in
the bulk and in the phonon polariton modes, respectively.Comment: 7 pages, 4 figure
Strong Coupling of Epsilon-Near-Zero Phonon Polaritons in Polar Dielectric Heterostructures
We report the first observation of epsilon near zero (ENZ) phonon polaritons
in an ultrathin AlN film fully hybridized with surface phonon polaritons (SPhP)
supported by the adjacent SiC substrate. Employing a strong coupling model for
the analysis of the dispersion and electric field distribution in these
hybridized modes, we show that they share the most prominent features of the
two precursor modes. The novel ENZ-SPhP coupled polaritons with a highly
propagative character and deeply sub-wavelength light confinement can be
utilized as building blocks for future infrared and terahertz (THz)
nanophotonic integration and communication devices
Electrical generation of surface phonon polaritons
Efficient electrical generation of mid-infrared light is challenging because of the dearth of materials with natural dipole-active electronic transitions in this spectral region. One approach to solve this problem is through quantum-engineering of the electron dispersion to create artificial transitions, as in quantum cascade devices. In this work we propose an alternative method to generate mid-infrared light, utilizing the coupling between longitudinal and transverse degrees of freedom due to the nonlocal optical response of nanoscopic polar dielectric crystals. Polar crystals support sub-diffraction photonic modes in the mid-infrared. They also support longitudinal phonons, which couple efficiently with electrical currents through the Fröhlich interaction. As we have shown in previous theoretical and experimental works, these two degrees of freedom can hybridize forming longitudinal-transverse polaritons. Here we theoretically demonstrate that longitudinal-transverse polaritons can be efficiently generated by electrical currents, leading to resonant narrowband photonic emission. This approach can therefore be utilised to electrically generate far-field mid-infrared photons in the absence of dipole-active electronic transitions, potentially underpinning a novel generation of mid-infrared optoelectronic devices