Single-cell mapping of N6-methyladenosine in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma and exploration of the risk model for immune infiltration

BackgroundN6-methyladenosine (m6A) modification is the most common RNA modification, but its potential role in the development of esophageal cancer and its specific mechanisms still need to be further investigated.MethodsBulk RNA-seq of 174 patients with esophageal squamous carcinoma from the TCGA-ESCC cohort, GSE53625, and single-cell sequencing data from patients with esophageal squamous carcinoma from GSE188900 were included in this study. Single-cell analysis of scRNA-seq data from GSE188900 of 4 esophageal squamous carcinoma samples and calculation of PROGENy scores. Demonstrate the scoring of tumor-associated pathways for different cell populations. Cell Chat was calculated for cell populations. thereafter, m6A-related differential genes were sought and risk models were constructed to analyze the relevant biological functions and impact pathways of potential m6A genes and their impact on immune infiltration and tumor treatment sensitivity in ESCC was investigated.ResultsBy umap downscaling analysis, ESCC single-cell data were labelled into clusters of seven immune cell classes. Cellchat analysis showed that the network interactions of four signaling pathways, MIF, AFF, FN1 and CD99, all showed different cell type interactions. The prognostic risk model constructed by screening for m6A-related differential genes was of significant value in the prognostic stratification of ESCC patients and had a significant impact on immune infiltration and chemotherapy sensitivity in ESCC patients.ConclusionIn our study, we explored a blueprint for the distribution of single cells in ESCC based on m6A methylation and constructed a risk model for immune infiltration analysis and tumor efficacy stratification in ESCC on this basis. This may provide important potential guidance for revealing the role of m6A in immune escape and treatment resistance in esophageal cancer

Kinetic Studies on the Impact of Pd Addition to Ru/TiO2 Catalyst: Levulinic Acid to gamma-Valerolactone under Ambient Hydrogen Pressure

The conversion of levulinic acid (LA) to gamma-valerolactone (GVL) is one of the most important reactions from biomass-derived platform chemicals to value-added chemicals. In this work, bimetallic PdRu/TiO2 catalyst compared to monometallic Ru/TiO2 was designed for the conversion of LA to GVL at ambient H-2 pressure. The highly dispersed Pd affected the reaction by two antagonistic effects: (I) increasing the reaction rate by promoting the activation of H-2; (II) decreasing the reaction rate by lowering the activation ability of carbonyl group over Ru. The kinetic analysis refined by H-2 concentration showed much lower apparent activation energy over 0.2Pd1Ru/TiO2 than that over Ru/TiO2. Finally, the catalysts were evaluated by both GVL productivity and catalyst cost to show increasing benefit of Pd addition at lower H-2 pressure. This study offers both theoretical foundation and application instructions for high efficiency conversion of LA to GVL under mild conditions, especially ambient H-2 pressure

A weakly basic Co/CeOx catalytic system for one-pot conversion of cellulose to diols: Kungfu on eggs

A controlled, weakly basic Co/CeOx catalyst was designed for one-pot conversion of cellulose to ethylene glycol (EG) and 1,2-propylene glycol (1,2-PG) to achieve near-equivalent yield. The efficiency is mainly attributed to Con+-O-x-Ce3+ base-acid pairs that hindered humin formation by ensuring a precise balance across the various steps of the reaction

Highly selective conversion of natural oil to alcohols or alkanes over a Pd stabilized CuZnAl catalyst under mild conditions

A novel and green catalytic system based on a Pd stabilized CuZnAl catalyst was designed for one-pot conversion of natural oil components to the corresponding alcohols or long-chain linear and branched alkanes with high selectivity and atom economy. When methyl decanoate was used as the model compound, a nearly full yield of n-decanol was obtained at 200 degrees C and 2 MPa H-2 within 8 h. 100% decane was produced when acidic HZSM-5 was introduced under the same reaction conditions, and the selectivity of n-decane and i-decane could be tuned by temperature. Cu species were verified as the active sites for lipid conversion, while a small amount of Pd could stabilize the catalyst to avoid Cu leaching. The reaction pathway involved hydrogenation, where methyl decanoate can be equivalently converted to methanol and decanol or decane, and no extra CO2 or CO from decarboxylation or decarbonylation was detected. This system increases the sustainability and economy of natural oil conversion to valuable liquid fuel and chemicals

One-pot chemocatalytic transformation of cellulose to ethanol over Ru-WOx/HZSM-5

Chemocatalytic production of bioethanol from cellulosic biomass is significant for both low-carbon energy development and green-house gas control. In this work, a multifunctional Ru-WOx/HZSM-5 catalyst was designed and prepared for the one-pot efficient transformation of cellulose and raw biomass (bagasse and corn stalk) to bioethanol via a series of cascade reactions. Addition of Ru/WOx, which could promote the retro-aldol condensation reaction but not oligomerization, led to a 87.5% yield of ethanol from 1 wt% cellulose under mild conditions (235 degrees C, 3 MPa H-2, in water). Further combining a two-stage heating strategy for high concentration feedstock conversion achieved a 53.7% yield of ethanol from 5 wt% cellulose. Characterization studies revealed a highly dispersed Ru3W17 alloy along with moderate acid sites that displayed a synergistic catalytic effect. The catalytic system can be regulated to promote hydrolysis, retro-aldol condensation, dehydration and hydrogenation to achieve ethanol and suppress side reactions such as oligomerization to form humins

Efficient Hydrogenation of Various Renewable Oils over Ru-HAP Catalyst in Water

A catalytic system over Ru-HAP catalyst is established to hydrodeoxygenate various oils to long-chain alkanes in water, for potential large-scale renewable diesel production, which has the following advantages. (i) This system is versatile to different oil sources, including Jatropha oil, palm oil, waste cooking oil, and cooking waste. (ii) Ru-HAP is highly efficient at achieving full conversion from stearic acid to alkanes at as low as 100 °C, and the isolated yield from Jatropha oil, palm oil, and waste cooking oil to long-chain alkanes reached up to 95, 96, and 87 mol % at 180 °C and 2 MPa H₂ within 4–4.5 h, respectively. (iii) The catalyst showed high stability during five runs of recycling, ICP-OES analysis, and a hydrothermal treatment. The activity decreased less than 5% after the catalyst was treated in water at 200 °C for 24 h with a stirring speed of 1000 rpm due to the strong metal and hydrothermally stable support interaction. (iv) Ru-HAP is compatible with most impurities such as various salts, sugars, and macromolecules. (v) The system required low cost for operation since no dehydration before the reaction was necessary and the alkane product can be easily separated from water. The reaction route was investigated and indicated that the coexisting hydrodehydration and hydrodecarbonylation are affected by water, temperature, and H₂ pressure. The catalyst was also characterized in detail, and its high reactivity and stability may result from the fact that highly distributed Ru nanoclusters anchored on the HAP support absorbed fatty acids by forming a metastable calcium carboxyl phosphate

Intercomparison of Solid Precipitation Derived from the Weighting Rain Gauge and Optical Instruments in the Interior Qinghai-Tibetan Plateau

Due to the light precipitation and strong wind in the cold season, it is hard to get credible solid precipitation on the Qinghai-Tibetan plateau (QTP). To address this issue, two kinds of optical instruments, the Thies Laser Precipitation Monitor (LPM) and OTT laser-optical Particle Size Velocity (Parsivel), were used on QTP. The measured precipitation was compared with the precipitation derived from Geonor T-200B precipitation gauge (Geonor). The results showed that Geonor was hard to catch light precipitation (precipitation amount was less than 1 mm during a single event) when the wind speeds were higher than 3.5 m/s. Even when the wind speeds were smaller than 3.5 m/s, about 44% of such light precipitation events were not recorded by Geonor. The optical instruments had much better performance in recording light precipitation. Three methods were used to correct Geonor measurements of daily solid precipitation and the corrected values were set as reference for assessing the performance of LPM and Parsivel; the results showed that LPM had good performance in measuring the solid precipitation but Parsivel overestimated the precipitation amount. Methods for correcting Geonor’s hourly solid precipitation and recalculating Parsivel’s solid precipitation amount were also proposed in this paper

Selective Hydrodeoxygenation of Lignin-Derived Phenols to Cyclohexanols over Co-Based Catalysts

Cyclohexanols are important feedstock for polymers, spices, and medicines production in industry. In this work, a series of cobalt-based catalysts with different supports were prepared and used to catalyze lignin-derived phenols to cyclohexanols. Among the catalysts, Co/TiO₂ showed the best hydrodeoxygenation (HDO) activity. An equivalent of propylcyclohexanol (>99.9%) was achieved under 1 MPa H₂, 200 °C for 2 h. According to the characterization results of transmission electron microscopy (TEM), Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) surface area analysis, powder X-ray diffraction (XRD), X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), hydrogen temperature-programmed reduction (H₂-TPR), hydrogen temperature-programmed desorption (H₂-TPD) and NH₃-TPD, the particle size and dispersion of Co could have important influence on catalytic activity. For Co/TiO₂, the SMSI effect may significantly affect the catalytic activity. The influences of different temperature, H₂ pressure and reaction time on the eugenol conversion by Co/TiO₂ were explored. 99% yield of propylcyclohexanol could even be obtained under 0.4 MPa H₂, 180 °C for 8 h. This should be the mildest condition that has been reported for HDO of eugenol to propylcyclohexanol catalyzed by non-noble metal catalyst. On the basis the mechanism and substrates extension studies, all the Co-based catalysts selected in this study showed high activity to cleave the C_aryl–OCH₃ bond before the hydrogenation of the aromatic ring when the −OCH₃ group substituted at ortho-position