Consecutive Interpretation: A Discourse Approach. Towards a Revision of Gile’s Effort Model

In reality, expert interpreters from time to time do successfully tide over the gap between the capacity required and capacity available in dealing with extraordinarily large segments in consecutive interpretation. These exceptional cases imply that Gile’s Effort Model does not always hold and requires to be supplemented. This paper attempts to: 1) advance a solution to the dilemma that, in processing large segments in consecutive interpreting, the working memory capacity available is more often than not smaller than the capacity required, hence supplementing Gile’s Effort Model; 2) specify the rules of discourse transformation in consecutive interpretation; based upon the features of memory and consecutive interpretation, we deem that each segment, be it large or small, shall be processed as a discourse, the transformation of which is presumed to be the said solution; 3) and subsequently identify the optimal discourse transformation model, which is both capable of embodying the source text to the largest extent possible and achievable in terms of memory load. In addition, the author, through an observational study, justified the hypothesis. The validity of this theory, however, still requires further experimental evidence.En situation réelle d’interprétation consécutive, les interprètes professionnels peuvent, à l’occasion, réussir à combler l’écart entre la capacité mémorielle nécessaire et la capacité disponible lorsqu’ils traitent des segments extrêmement longs. L’existence de ces cas exceptionnels implique que le modèle d’efforts de Gile ne peut toujours s’appliquer et qu’il faut le compléter. Le présent article a trois objectifs. Premièrement, il cherche à proposer une solution à ce problème. Deuxièmement, il vise à spécifier les règles de transformation discursive en contexte d’interprétation consécutive. Se fondant sur les propriétés de la mémoire et les caractéristiques de l’interprétation consécutive, nous considérons que chaque segment, qu’il soit court ou long, sera traité en tant que discours, pour laquelle on présume que la transformation résultante est la solution. Troisièmement, il vise à définir un modèle de transformation discursive optimal, qui puisse tout à la fois rendre au maximum le texte source et être réaliste en termes de charge mémorielle. Bien que l’auteur justifie son hypothèse en s’appuyant sur une étude observationnelle, d’autres données expérimentales sont nécessaires pour valider la théorie proposée

System Identification Algorithm Analysis of Acupuncture Effect on Mean Blood Flux of Contralateral Hegu Acupoint

Background. Acupoints (belonging to 12 meridians) which have the same names are symmetrically distributed on the body. It has been proved that acupoints have certain biological specificities different from the normal parts of the body. However, there is little evidence that acupoints which have the same name and are located bilaterally and symmetrically have lateralized specificity. Thus, researching the lateralized specificity and the relationship between left-side and right-side acupuncture is of special importance. Methodology and Principal Findings. The mean blood flux (MBF) in both Hegu acupoints was measured by Moor full-field laser perfusion imager. With the method of system identification algorithm, the output distribution in different groups was acquired, based on different acupoint stimulation and standard signal input. It is demonstrated that after stimulation of the right Hegu acupoint by needle, the output value of MBF in contralateral Hegu acupoint was strongly amplified, while after acupuncturing the left Hegu acupoint, the output value of MBF in either side Hegu acupoint was amplified moderately. Conclusions and Significance. This paper indicates that the Hegu acupoint has lateralized specificity. After stimulating the ipsilateral Hegu acupoint, symmetry breaking will be produced in contrast to contralateral Hegu acupoint stimulation

Isospin Dependence of Nucleon-Nucleon Elastic Cross Section

The in-medium neutron-proton, proton-proton(neutron-neutron) scattering cross sections($\sigma_{np}^{*}$, $\sigma_{pp(nn)}^{*}$) are studied based on QHD-II type Lagrangian within the framework of the microscopic transport theory. The results demonstrate that, for free nucleon-nucleon scattering cross sections, the isospin dependence is dominantly caused by $\rho$ meson field. The medium correction of nucleon-nucleon scattering cross sections is also isospin dependent, $\sigma_{np}^{*}$ depends on the baryon density weakly and $\sigma_{pp(nn)}^{*}$ depends on the baryon density significantly, which is due to the different effects of the medium correction of nucleon mass and $\rho$ meson mass on $\sigma_{np}$ and $\sigma_{pp(nn)}$, respectivelyComment: PDF fil

Local government debt, resource misallocation, and green total factor productivity in China

Although China has implemented numerous environmental governance polices to realize green development, no significant changes have been achieved in reality. To understand the underlying reasons, we relate green development to the debt-driven model by the local government. Using the total debt data of prefecture-level cities in China from 2007 to 2013, we analyze the effects of debt expansion through a two-way fixed effect model. Results imply that the expansion of local government debt will inhibit green total factor productivity, but there are differences between long-term and short-term debts. Further analysis shows that local government debt will affect capital misallocation and also finds that an increase in local government debt will increase urban carbon emissions. This study recommends that the Chinese government should further decrease debt size and improve investment effectiveness to achieve high-quality development