Interaction effects of <i>I</i> and <i>P</i> on maize grain yield by fixing <i>N</i> at 0 level.

<p><i>I</i> and <i>P</i> represent irrigation and phosphorus application, respectively.</p

Interaction effects of <i>I</i> and <i>N</i> on maize grain yield by fixing <i>P</i> at 0 level.

<p><i>I</i> and <i>N</i> represent irrigation and nitrogen application, respectively.</p

Single multifractal spectrum for selected soil trace elements at −15 to 15 range of <i>q</i> evaluated at 1 increment.

<p>Single multifractal spectrum for selected soil trace elements at −15 to 15 range of <i>q</i> evaluated at 1 increment.</p

Joint multifractal spectrum for selected soil trace elements at −15 to 15 range of <i>q</i> evaluated at 1 increment.

<p>Joint multifractal spectrum for selected soil trace elements at −15 to 15 range of <i>q</i> evaluated at 1 increment.</p

Pearson correlation coefficients (<i>r</i>) between singularity indices of joint multifractal spectra for selected soil trace elements.

<p>Pearson correlation coefficients (<i>r</i>) between singularity indices of joint multifractal spectra for selected soil trace elements.</p

Annual precipitation and precipitation during maize growing season during 2006–2009 in Fuxin County.

<p>Annual precipitation and precipitation during maize growing season during 2006–2009 in Fuxin County.</p

Marginal grain yield with respect to <i>I</i>, <i>N</i> and <i>P</i> through the first-order differential analysis of equations (2)∼(4).

<p><i>I</i>, <i>N</i> and <i>P</i> represent irrigation, nitrogen application and phosphorus application, respectively.</p

Logarithms of partition functions of selected soil trace elements plotted against scales.

<p>The <i>R</i>² values of the linear fit for all <i>q</i> considered were always greater than 0.99.</p

The individual effect of <i>I</i>, <i>N</i> and <i>P</i> on maize grain yield by fixing two factors at 0 level.

<p><i>I</i>, <i>N</i> and <i>P</i> represent irrigation, nitrogen application and phosphorus application, respectively.</p

Experimental treatments of maize using a 311-A optimized saturation design during 2006–2009 in Fuxin County.

<p><i>I</i>, <i>N</i> and <i>P</i> are abbreviations for irrigation, nitrogen fertilization and phosphorus fertilization, respectively.</p><p><i>X</i>₁, <i>X</i>₂ and <i>X</i>₃ are non-dimensional linear code for irrigation, nitrogen fertilization and phosphorus fertilization, respectively.</p