A conceptual graph of community assembly (a) without and (b) with the association across life stages.

<p>The open and closed points represent the diversity of two communities at different life stages, respectively. The arrows (in b) show the trend from one life stage to next was considered. The open points without association (a) are both greater than expected, which indicates an overdispersed assembly pattern according to Webb’s hypothesis (Webb <i>et al</i>., 2002). However, when we consider the association between life stages, the diversity with a decreasing trend from one stage to the next (open points in b), indicates clustering assembly process, regardless whether these values of these points are greater or less than expected. The reversed performances of closed points are also shown.</p

Regression trees for predicting standardized differences of the species (a, b) and phylogenetic (c, d) diversity (SD and PD, respectively) within the SS and ST transitions.

<p>The related attributes were island area, isolation, shape index and sampling area.</p

Standardized differences of the species and phylogenetic diversity (SD and PD, respectively) within the SS (a) and ST (b) on 29 study islands and surrounding the mainland.

<p>Standardized differences of the species and phylogenetic diversity (SD and PD, respectively) within the SS (a) and ST (b) on 29 study islands and surrounding the mainland.</p

Map of the 29 study islands in the Thousand Island Lake, East China.

<p>Black dots indicates the location of transects on the medium and large islands.</p

The operation of Seifert construction.

<p>The arrows indicate the orientation of the strands.</p

The distribution of Seifert circles.

<p>(a) Applying crossing nullifying to vertex building blocks, (b) Applying crossing nullifying to edge building blocks and (c) the distribution of Seifert circles at the connection between vertices and edges.</p

The Seifert construction.

<p>The construction of the <i>T</i>₂-tetrahedral link from a tetrahedral graph and the construction of <i>Seifert surface</i> based on its minimal projection. Each strand is assigned by a different color. The Seifert circles distributed at vertices have opposite direction with the Seifert circles distributed at edges. The arrows indicate the 5′ - 3′ direction of the DNA backbone.</p

Metal- and O₂‑Free Oxidative C–C Bond Cleavage of Aromatic Aldehydes

An oxidative C–C cleavage of aldehydes requiring neither metals nor O₂ was discovered. Homobenzylic aldehydes and α-substituted homobenzylic aldehydes were cleaved to benzylic aldehydes and ketones, respectively, using nitrosobenzene as an oxidant. This reaction is chemoselective for aromatic aldehydes, as an aliphatic aldehyde was unreactive under these conditions, and other reactive functionality such as ketones and free alcohols are tolerated. A mechanism accounting for the fate of the lost carbon is proposed

Linear maps of the <i>qnrS2</i>-positive plasmids.

<p>Open reading frames (ORFs) are shown as arrows indicating the direction of transcription. Inverted repeats (IRL, left inverted repeat; IRR, right inverted repeat) are shown in boxes with black arrows indicating the direction. Their lengths and sequences are shown below the structures. Direct repeats flanking the mobile insertion cassette (mic) are shown above the map. Homologous regions are indicated by gray shading. MITE, miniature inverted transposable element.</p

Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in water-borne environmental bacteria.

<p>Prevalence of plasmid-mediated quinolone resistance (PMQR) genes in water-borne environmental bacteria.</p