Inflammation of adipose tissue. Is there a place for statins to correct adiposopathy?

This review is devoted to the analysis of data on the effect of inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzymate-reductase on the endocrine function of adipose tissue in obesity. Violation of metabolism of adipose tissue, as well as the amount of fat, are a a key factor in the pathophysiology of obesity and the development of concomitant diseases. Statins are competitive inhibitors of 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-kofermenta reductase (HMG-COA reductase) that catalyze the initial stage of cholesterol biosynthesis in the liver. Therefore, traditionally, the liver is considered as the main target organ for statins. The results of studies of molecular mechanisms of action of statins on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism, adipokine and inflammatory balance in adipose tissue on the example of isolated adipocytes (in vivo) and in living organism (in vitro) are presented. Effect of statins on the action of insulin, as well as the possibility of developing pathological conditions associated with insulin resistance and the development of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM 2). The proven clinical effects of cholesterol-lowering action of statins, allow new insights and to further explore their possible impact on other links in the development of obesity, and potentially to use them as therapeutic agents for pharmacological correction of obesity and the fight against cardiovascular diseases

Ceramides: focus on obesity

It is generally known that obesity increases the risk of developing cardiovascular disease. A pathological increase in the mass of adipose tissue leads to a violation of the control of lipid accumulation at the molecular level, abnormal lipid metabolism with the formation of metabolites, which are critical for the development of these pathologies against the background of obesity. Ceramides are one of these metabolites. Ceramides perform many physiological functions, but under pathological conditions they induce insulin resistance, uncouple cellular respiration and phosphorylation, activate cell apoptosis, and play an important role in the induction of adipose tissue dysfunction. Altering ceramide biosynthesis through dysregulation of key enzymes leads to the formation and accumulation of ceramides, which block insulin signaling and induce adipose tissue inflammation.This review highlights the metabolism of ceramides, the reasons for their ectopic deposition in tissues in obesity, as well as potential intracellular signaling pathways that modulate ceramide activity

Cardiovascular effects of metformin: focus on adipose tissue metabolism

This review is devoted to the analysis of data on the study of the possible effect of metformin on the endocrine function of adipose tissue: the synthesis and secretion of adipocyte hormones – adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin) and the gastrointestinal system (ghrelin). metformin is a biguanide class of hypoglycemic drugs used as a first-line therapy for the correction of carbohydrate metabolism. Currently, there has been a significant increase in interest in the pleiotropic cardioprotective and antiatherogenic properties of metformin. The molecular mechanisms of action of metformin on carbohydrate and lipid metabolism in adipose tissue are shown in the example of isolated adipocytes (in vitro) and in a living organism (in vivo). The key enzyme regulation in metformin action is с-AMPactivated protein kinase (AMPK). Activation of this enzyme blocks fatty acid synthesis, activates lipolysis and fatty acid oxidation; inhibits glucose production in the liver, reducing the expression of AMP-stimulated genes of enzymes of gluconeogenesis, increases insulin sensitivity, which ultimately contributes to the reduction of glucose. However, the dose-dependent effects of metformin are not well understood, there is no data on the long-term effects of the drug on the metabolism of adipose tissue, which requires careful attention to the study of this issue. Overall, metformin seems to be a promising drug to combat hyperglycemia, and dyslipidemia in diabetes mellitus type 2 and obesity, and for the prevention of cardiovascular risks associated with these diseases

Outcomes of the multicenter monitoring of the causative agent of invasive listeriosis in the metropolis

Introduction. Invasive listeriosis is a rare disease posing a threat to high-risk groups and often leading to a fatal outcome. Its causative agent is Listeria monocytogenes, a ubiquitous saprophyte that has turned into an important foodborne pathogen with the growing industry of semi-cooked and ready-to-eat products. The aim of the study is the characterization of L. monocytogenes isolates in the Moscow region and identification of possible causes of susceptibility to infection Materials and methods. The multicenter monitoring of L. monocytogenes was conducted in the Moscow metropolitan area, using bacteriological and genomic methods for description of the pathogen, medical history collection and detailed analysis of patient case summaries. Results. In the cohorts of patients with perinatal listeriosis (PL) and meningitis-septicemia (MS), invasive listeriosis had a year-round occurrence with slight upswings in MarchApril and JulyNovember. During the COVID-19 pandemic, in the MS group, the minimum age of patients decreased to 31 years and the proportion of deaths increased 1.57-fold compared to 20182019. During the pandemic, an increase in the diversity of L. monocytogenes genotypes was observed, along with changes in the spectrum of pathogen genotypes throughout the pandemic stages. During the monitoring, a total of 73 L. monocytogenes clinical isolates belonging to 24 genotypes were described. Seven genotypes belonged to the first phylogenetic lineage (PLI); 14 genotypes belonged to PLII. The PL cohort had the highest proportion of PLI genotypes (52%). In the MS cohort, the group of men had the widest diversity of genotypes, 6 of which were identical to genotypes of food isolates. In the analysed set of isolates, 12 new profiles of internalin genes were identified and described. The whole genome sequencing detected the presence of plasmids in 9 of 58 genomes of clinical isolates. The comparison of core genomes revealed an epidemic relationship between isolates of the same genotype for ST4, ST21, and ST425. Conclusion. The performed study presents a detailed description of the diversity and virulence of L. monocytogenes circulating in the Moscow metropolitan area, thus providing information for timely diagnosis and treatment of invasive listeriosis

Body fat distribution: the answer to the apparent paradox of obesity in cardiology?

Today, despite all the measures taken, cardiovascular diseases remain the main cause of temporary invalidization, disability and mortality. Obesity is a major risk factor of cardiovascular diseases and complications from them. However, not all fat depots have the same proinflammatory, paracrine and metabolic activity. Recent studies have shown that the accumulation of visceral fat, and not subcutaneous fat, is associated with an increase in cardiometabolic risk. At the same time, there is evidence that an increase in the area of visceral fat is a protective mechanism against lipotoxicity. The purpose of this review is to discuss current literature data reflecting the characteristics of the visceral, epicardial and perivascular fat depots, and also their association with cardiovascular diseases

Условия обеспечения психологического здоровья семьи и ребенка

The article discusses the outcomes of the current child development environment survey: socio-demographic and cultural characteristics of the family, leisure activities of the family, involvement of young students in the virtual environment. In total, at different stages the survey was participated by 206 families with preschool children, 138 primary school children aged 9-11 years and their parents. The data obtained in the course of study were processed with the statistical data and Pearson correlation analysis carried out with SPSS.17.0 software. The study showed that in the presence of favourable socio-demographic and cultural factors, the leading condition for the optimal development of children is the nature of parent-child relations and the pedagogical impact of the parents. At the present moment, the dominating communication style is still authoritarian-monologic, when parents do not fully acknowledge the interests, inclinations and needs of the child. The style of upbringing, communication between the parents and the child is one of the factors contributing to the involvement of the children in the virtual world. The main conditions for ensuring psychological health of the family and the child are improving psychological and pedagogical culture of parents, their parenting competence, together with supporting conscious parenthood. The efforts should be systematic, involving both propaedeutic activities at the stage of future parents’ upbringing, and psychological and pedagogical support of the by school and family psychologists. The practical significance of the study is to highlight the technological complex of professional actions to ensure the psychological health of children and adults89В статье обсуждаются результаты изучения современного состояния среды развития детей: социодемографических и культурных характеристик, а также досуговой деятельности семьи, включенности младших школьников в виртуальную среду. Всего на разных этапах в исследовании приняли участие 206 семей дошкольников, 138 младших школьников в возрасте 9-11 лет и их родители. Полученные в ходе работы сведения были подвергнуты методу статистической обработки данных, корреляционному анализу по Пирсону, проведенному с помощью прикладного пакета SPSS.17.0. Исследование показало, что при наличии благоприятных социодемографических и культурных характеристик как ведущие условия оптимального развития детей выступают характер родительско-детских отношений и система воспитательных воздействий родителей. В настоящее время преобладает авторитарно-монологическое общение, при котором родители не в полной мере учитывают интересы, склонности и потребности ребенка. Стиль воспитания и общения родителей с ребенком является одним из факторов, способствующих вовлеченности детей во взаимодействие с виртуальным миром. Основные условия обеспечения психологического здоровья семьи – повышение психолого-педагогической культуры родителей, родительской компетенции, формирование осознанного родительства. Работа в этом направлении должна носить системный характер и предполагать как пропедевтическую деятельность на этапе взросления будущих родителей, так и психолого-педагогическое сопровождение семьи в рамках деятельности психологов образования и семейных психологов. Практическая значимость исследования состоит в выделении технологического комплекса профессиональных действий по обеспечению психологического здоровья детей и взрослы

Possibility of application of low-frequency piezothromboelastografy method for the evaluation of haemostatic potential of blood in coronary bypass surgery on the background of long aspirinotherapy

Aim. To assess the hemostatic system on the aspirin therapy background using the VerifyNow Aspirin test, as well as examining platelet aggregation and low-frequency piezothromboelastography in patients with coronary artery disease during coronary artery bypass grafting.Materials and methods. 100 people with coronary artery disease who were taking aspirin (75–100 mg daily) for more than 1 year were examined. The study was performed in the perioperative period of coronary bypass surgery without aspirin withdrawal. Evaluation of hemostasis was performed by the VerifyNow Aspirin тest (USA), platelet aggregation (Нelena Laboratories AggRAMTM, Britain) and the low-frequency piezothromboelastography (ARP-01M “Mednord”, Russia).Results. Patients included in the study were sensitive to aspirin when under long-term administration of a drug: indicator test was VerifyNow ARU 496,9 ± 21,3)%, the platelet aggregation to ADP and adrenaline was reduced by 46% and 52%, respectively. In the early postoperative period platelet aggregation of ADP decreased by 73,2%, collagen – 75,9%, and adrenaline – 82,64% in comparison with the control group.Perioperative hemorrhagic complications in the study group were not observed. Reduction of platelet aggregation after aspirin therapy was accompanied by an increase in thrombin activity of the blood, which allows for evaluation of the method of low-frequency piezothromboelastography (LPTEG). In the early postoperative period, the results of LPTEG, thrombin potential, and anticoagulant and fibrinolytic activity of blood were partially normalized without reaching the level of the control group.Conclusion. For the evaluation of hemostasis under aspirin therapy it is advisable to apply the low-frequency piezothromboelastography, which in contrast to the VerifyNow test and traditional platelet aggregation, allows one to reveal a degree of impairment in thrombin blood activity and to conduct an integrative assessment on all aspects of hemostasis