Ruthenium-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition reaction: scope, mechanism and applications

The ruthenium-catalyzed azide alkyne cycloaddition (RuAAC) affords 1,5-disubstituted 1,2,3-triazoles in one step and complements the more established copper-catalyzed reaction providing the 1,4-isomer. The RuAAC reaction has quickly found its way into the organic chemistry toolbox and found applications in many different areas, such as medicinal chemistry, polymer synthesis, organocatalysis, supramolecular chemistry, and the construction of electronic devices. This Review discusses the mechanism, scope, and applications of the RuAAC reaction, covering the literature from the last 10 years

Methods of identifying and estimating the potential environmental damage in mining areas for management support anthropogenically transformed areas

W artykule zaprezentowano uwarunkowania i metodę prognozowania kosztów usuwania szkód górniczych w kopalniach węgla kamiennego. Metoda polega na zastosowaniu analizy porównawczej powstałych i prognozowanych deformacji powierzchni oraz analiz eksperckich do szacowania szkód.Presented conditions and method of forecasting the costs of disposal of mining damage in underground coal mines. The method involves the use of comparative analysis generated and projected surface deformation and expert analysis to estimate the damage

System Szkody ver. 4.0 as the support in the construction of the A4 motorway in terms of mining area deformations

W artykule opisano opracowany w Głównym Instytucie Górnictwa system prognozowania deformacji, o nazwie Szkody wer. 4.0. Jest to 32-bitowa wersja systemu, która umożliwia bardzo szybkie obliczanie deformacji, w systemie Windows. Bardzo użyteczne są również liczne programy narzędziowe umożliwiające między innymi graficzny podgląd obliczonych deformacji w obszarach siatek punktów obliczeniowych, wspomaganie projektowania harmonogramu wybierania, obliczanie zasobów, tworzenie plików pomocniczych do map i wykresów, itp. Przedstawiono przykład zastosowania tego systemu do prognozowania i analizy pomierzonych deformacji w czasie budowy autostrady A4, zwłaszcza na odcinku węzeł Wirek - węzeł BatoregoThe paper presents a system created in the Main Institute of Mining. The system called Szkody ver. 4.0. is a 32-bit version of system allowing very quick calculation of deformations in Windows. Numerous tool programs allow, among others, graphical outlook of the calculated deformations in the areas of the grids of calculation points, assistance in making the timetable of mining, assessment of the amount of deposit, making auxiliary files for maps and graphs, etc. The examples of the application of this system as the support in the forecasting and the analysis of the measured deformations during the building of A4 motorway, especially the distance Wirek junction - Batory junction are given

Thermal properties and morphology changes in degradation process of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) matrices with risperidone

Determining thermal properties and morphology seems to be useful in the analysis of release and degradation processes form polymeric materials. Risperidone is available in the formulation of a long-acting injection based on poly(D,L-lactide-co-glycolide). Currently, alternative solutions are also offered, i.e., nano- and microparticles or implants, including copolymers of lactide and glycolide. The effect of risperidone content on the properties of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) matrices was determined. The study also involved an assessment of the changes during degradation. Risperidone free matrices and the matrices with risperidone were obtained by solvent casting. Thermal characteristics were tested by means of differential scanning calorimetry, and the morphology was evaluated using a scanning electron microscope. Risperidone did not change significantly semi-crystalline structure of poly(L-lactide-co-glycolide) matrices. The decrease in crystallization temperature and glass transition temperature during degradation was observed. Many pores and their deformation, the widening of pore area, cracks and slits because of degradation were observed. The analysis of thermal properties and morphology allowed us to explain degradation process. Matrices exhibited stable process of degradation, which may be advantageous for development of prolonged risperidone release systems

Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Survivin Immunostaining in Gastric Adenocarcinoma

Two molecules - vascular endothelial growth factor involved in new vessels formation and survivin - antiapoptotic protein, reported to be associated with worse prognosis in various malignancies have been chosen for the study. Both are potential target for novel therapiesThe aim of the study was to determine the immunostaining of VEGF and survivin in gastric carcinoma and to analyse their relationship to the selected clinicopathological features and survival.Material and methods. Formalin-fixed, paraffin-embedded sections from 41 gastric adenocarcinomas were used for immunohistochemical reaction with monoclonal antibodies against vascular endothelial growth factor and survivin. The results were compared with selected clinicopathological features and survival.Results. Positive immunohistochemical reaction for vascular endothelial growth factor and survivin was revealed in 24 (58,53%) and 30 (73,17%), gastric carcinomas respectively. Vascular endothelial growth factor-negative gastric carcinomas were significantly more common in cases without metastases to regional lymph nodes and distant organs and in less advanced cases. Similar, distant metastases were also statistically less common in survivin-negative carcinomas. The differences in immunohistochemical reactions for survivin between less and more advanced cases almost reach statistical significance. The only factors significantly influenced 1, 2 and 3-year survival were vascular endothelial growth factor and survivin status. Statistically significant higher percentage of survival was noted in patients with vascular endothelial growth factor- and survivin-negative tumors.Conclusions. It seems that vascular endothelial growth factor and survivin play role in local invasion and spread of gastric adenocarcinoma and negatively influences survival. However, further studies are required to assess their true usefulness in the clinical practice