CONSIDERATIONS ON ENGLISH-ROMANIAN/ROMANIAN-ENGLISH LEGAL DICTIONARIES AND GLOSSARIES

Our study is meant to point out the main methodology used by authors in creating the English-Romanian/Romanian-English legal dictionaries/glossaries which exist on the book market in our country. The research worker who is interested in studying the content and structure of such dictionaries immediately notices the small number of these books on the Romanian market in comparison with, for example, the economic ones. At the same time, the research workers and also the users of legal dictionaries quite easily identify the frequent scarcity and the simple structure of the entries included by lexicographers. Our study will analyze the criteria used by the authors of these dictionaries for selecting the terms included in their books, as well as the structure of the selected entries (phonetic script, contextualization, identification of uncountable/countable nouns, indication of special plural forms, such as the foreign plural, references made to synonyms for disambiguation etc.). Finally, the aim of our paper is to offer several suggestions for improving the quality of these indispensable linguistic instruments (dictionaries and glossaries) and for encouraging lexicographers to invest energy in creating better and well-conceived specialized legal dictionaries and glossaries.English-Romanian/Romanian-English legal dictionaries and glossaries, entry structure, contextualization, entry selection criteria, book market.

Brand spillover effects within a sponsor portfolio: the interaction of image congruence and portfolio size

A sponsor portfolio exists where multiple brands sponsor a single activity or property, such as a sporting event, team, league, or a charity simultaneously. While sponsor portfolios are common in practice, little is known about how the brand perceptions of several concurrent sponsors spill over to influence each individual sponsor’s brand. This paper summarizes two experiments that investigate sponsor portfolios to determine how spillover effects influence consumers’ perceptions of a particular sponsor’s brand within the portfolio. In Study 1, empirical evidence substantiates a brand spillover effect between multiple sponsors of a single sport property. In Study 2, the influences of image congruence and portfolio size on this spillover effect are empirically assessed. Results demonstrate an interaction effect whereby brands incongruent to the sponsored property enjoy a more favorable brand perception when included in either a small portfolio inclusive of another incongruent co-sponsor, or a larger portfolio of otherwise congruent sponsors

Customer–company identification and the effectiveness of loyalty programs

Customer loyalty programs constitute an important customer relationship management tool, adopted by multiple industries. This study investigates how customers perceive benefits from a loyalty program that enhance their loyalty to that program directly, as well as to the company indirectly through program loyalty. Our findings show that program loyalty and customer–company identification enhance customer loyalty toward the company. The development of customer–company identification can transform program loyalty into company loyalty, and reduce the company's latent financial risk

Above-light-line Nonlinear Surface Polaritons near a Conductive Interface: Threshold Case

We investigate the TM-polarized nonlinear surface polaritons (NLSP) propagating along aguided structure consisting of a magnetic optically linear medium and a non-magnetic opticallynonlinear medium with saturable permittivity separated by a flat conductive layer of zerothickness. We consider those values of hosting media bulk material parameters for which theNLSP existence (for zero sheet conductance) has threshold character with respect to the wavesintensity. Based on the exact solution of Maxwell's equations we show that the energy andpropagation properties of the NLSP near the above-light-line condition (1 > n > 0) dependconsiderably on the surface conductivity of the layer, even the threshold character of the NLSPcan be lost; for certain sheet conductance values these waves can exist in a linear limit. TheNLSP propagation constant is defined by both the surface conductivity and field intensity andcan be varied in a wide diapason, which gives an opportunity to obtain and control the importantfor quantum information processing 0 n condition. For a chosen value of the NLSPpropagation constant the NLSP field intensity and energy flux decries when the surfaceconductivity grows; saturation of the nonlinear permittivity leads to an increase of the NLSPenergy flux compared with Kerr-like nonlinearity

Research on environmental impact assessment of flame oxyacetylene welding processes

This paper presents the factors that may cause pollution of the work environment when working with the oxyacetylene flame welding process. Experiments were performed using an oven that allows the analysis of all gases resulted in the welding process, but also enables their monitoring using a video camera, and the resulting film was processed in that the frames for each second of experimentation were extracted. The materials used in the experiments were S235JR steel as the base material, and as filler materials, E70S. In order to assess the impact on the work environment of this welding process, the pollution coefficient CP was defined based on the equation of the material balance

Получение производных замещенных фенолов с потенциальной антимикробной активностью

Objectives. With the growing resistance of pathogenic microorganisms to antibiotics, the development of new antimicrobial drugs offering specific mechanisms of action becomes an urgent task. Only few antimicrobials offer a broad spectrum of activity against gram-positive and gram-negative bacteria, molds, and yeasts. In this regard, the purpose of the work was to develop methods for synthesizing biologically active derivatives of alkyl-substituted phenols (reactions at the hydroxy group) to study their biological effect.Methods. The synthesis of imidazole acetates of substituted phenols was carried out in two stages. At the first stage, the chloroacetyl derivative of the selected compounds was obtained, to which imidazole was then added. O-acylation reactions at the first stage of the synthesis were carried out under varying conditions. The first version of the synthesis was carried out using chloroacetyl chloride as an acylating agent together with a high-boiling solvent. In the second variant, chloroacetic anhydride was used, along with an attempt to replace the solvent with a low-boiling one. A thymol methoxy derivative was additionally synthesized by a known method using methyl iodide and varying the reaction parameters.Results. The parameters of chloroacetylation and methoxylation of aromatic alcohols were optimized with rational selection of solvents and the ratio of reagents in the reactions. Synthesized thymol (2-isopropyl-5-methylphenol) and propofol (2,6-isopropylphenol) derivatives contained imidazole as an additional pharmacophore with affinity for microorganism cell membrane proteins. A thymol methoxy derivative comprising an aromatic ether exhibiting increased hydrophobicity was also obtained. The synthesized compounds were characterized by NMR spectroscopy.Conclusions. Chloroacetyl derivatives of aromatic alcohols can be effectively synthesized by cooling the reaction mixture using an excess quantity of an acylating agent and increasing the reaction time (compared to literature data). The yield of thymol chloroacetate was 75%, while that of propofol chloroacetate was 30%. This can be explained by the sterically hindered reaction of the propofol alcohol group, which has isopropyl substituents at the second and sixth positions of the benzene ring.Цели. В связи с растущей резистентностью патогенных микроорганизмов к антибиотикам актуальной задачей является разработка новых противомикробных препаратов с уникальным механизмом действия. Немногие антимикробные препараты обладают широким спектром действия на грамположительные и грамотрицательные бактерии, плесени и дрожжи. В связи с этим, цель нашей работы – разработать способы синтеза биологически активных производных алкил-замещенных фенолов (реакций по гидроксигруппе) для исследования их биологического действия.Методы. Синтез имидазолацетатов замещенных фенолов проводился в две стадии. На первой стадии было получено хлорацетильное производное выбранных соединений, к которому далее присоединялся имидазол. Реакции O-ацилирования на первой стадии синтеза проводились в различных условиях. Первый вариант синтеза проводили с использованием хлорацетилхлорида в качестве ацилирующего агента и высококипящего растворителя. Во втором варианте использовали хлоруксусный ангидрид, и была предпринята попытка заменить растворитель на низкокипящий. Также было синтезировано метоксипроизводное тимола по известной методике, с применением метилйодида и варьирования параметров реакции.Результаты. Проведена оптимизация параметров хлорацетилирования и метоксилирования ароматических спиртов. Осуществлен подбор растворителей и соотношения реагентов в реакциях. Были синтезированы производные тимола (2-изопропил-5-метилфенола) и пропофола (2,6-изопропилфенола), содержащие имидазол в качестве дополнительного фармакофора, имеющего сродство к белкам клеточных мембран микроорганизмов. Также было получено метоксипроизводное тимола – ароматический простой эфир с повышенной гидрофобностью. Синтезированные соединения были охарактеризованы методом ЯМР-спектроскопии.Выводы. Синтез хлорацетильных производных ароматических спиртов при охлаждении реакционной массы с использованием избытка ацилирующего агента и увеличением времени реакции (по сравнению с литературными данными) является более предпочтительным. Выход хлорацетета тимола составил 75%, хлорацетата пропофола – 30%, что можно объяснить стерически затрудненным реагированием спиртовой группы пропофола, имеющего изопропильные заместители по 2 и 6 положениям бензольного кольца

OSL-dating of the Pleistocene-Holocene climatic transition in loess from China, Europe and North America, and evidence for accretionary pedogenesis

Loess deposits intercalated by paleosols are detailed terrestrial archives of Quaternary climate variability providing information on the global dust cycle and landscape dynamics. Their paleoclimatic significance is often explored by quantifying their mineral magnetic properties due to their sensitivity to local/regional hydroclimate variability. Detailed chronological assessment of such regional proxy records around the climatic transitions allow a better understanding of how regional records react to major global climatic transitions such as the Pleistocene-Holocene climatic transition. Logs of high-resolution magnetic susceptibility and its frequency dependence were used as paleoclimatic proxies to define the environmental transition from the last glacial loess to the current interglacial soil as reflected in nine loess-paleosol sequences across the northern hemisphere, from the Chinese Loess Plateau, the southeastern European loess belt and the central Great Plains, USA. The onset of increase in magnetic susceptibility above typical loess values was used to assess the onset of, and developments during, the Pleistocene-Holocene climatic transition. High-resolution luminescence dating was applied on multiple grain-sizes (4–11 μm, 63–90 μm, 90–125 μm) of quartz extracts from the same sample in order to investigate the timing of Pleistocene-Holocene climatic transition in the investigated sites. The magnetic susceptibility signal shows a smooth and gradual increase for the majority of the sites from the typical low loess values to the interglacial ones. The initiation of this increase, interpreted as recording the initiation of the Pleistocene-Holocene climatic transition at each site, was dated to 14–17.5 ka or even earlier. Our chronological results highlight the need of combining paleoclimatic proxies (magnetic susceptibility) with absolute dating when investigating the Pleistocene-Holocene climatic transition as reflected by the evolution of this proxy in order to avoid chronostratigraphic misinterpretations in loess-paleosol records caused by simple pattern correlation. The detailed luminescence chronologies evidence the continuity of eolian mineral dust accumulation regardless of glacial or interglacial global climatic regimes. Coupled with magnetic susceptibility records this indicates that dust sedimentation and pedogenesis act simultaneously and result in a non-negligible accretional component in the formation of Holocene soils in loess regions across the Northern Hemisphere. The luminescence ages allowed the modeling of accumulation rates for the Holocene soil which are similar for European, Chinese and U.S.A. loess sites investigated and vary from 2 cm ka−1 to 9 cm ka−1. While accretional pedogenesis has often been implicitly or explicitly assumed in paleoclimatic interpretation of loess-paleosol sequences, especially in the Chinese Loess Plateau, our luminescence data add direct evidence for ongoing sedimentation as interglacial soils formed