14,049 research outputs found
Utility of the new Movement Disorder Society clinical diagnostic criteria for Parkinson's disease applied retrospectively in a large cohort study of recent onset cases
Objective:
To examine the utility of the new Movement Disorder Society (MDS) diagnostic criteria in a large cohort of Parkinson's disease (PD) patients.
Methods:
Recently diagnosed (<3.5 years) PD cases fulfilling United Kingdom (UK) brain bank criteria in Tracking Parkinson's, a UK multicenter prospective natural history study were assessed by retrospective application of the MDS criteria.
Results:
In 2000 cases, 1835 (91.7%) met MDS criteria for PD, either clinically established (n = 1261, 63.1%) or clinically probable (n = 574, 28.7%), leaving 165 (8.3%) not fulfilling criteria. Clinically established cases were significantly more likely to have limb rest tremor (89.3%), a good l-dopa response (79.5%), and olfactory loss (71.1%), than clinically probable cases (60.6%, 44.4%, and 34.5% respectively), but differences between probable PD and ‘not PD’ cases were less evident. In cases not fulfilling criteria, the mean MDS UPDRS3 score (25.1, SD 13.2) was significantly higher than in probable PD (22.3, SD 12.7, p = 0.016) but not established PD (22.9, SD 12.0, p = 0.066). The l-dopa equivalent daily dose of 341 mg (SD 261) in non-PD cases was significantly higher than in probable PD (250 mg, SD 214, p < 0.001) and established PD (308 mg, SD 199, p = 0.025). After 30 months' follow-up, 89.5% of clinically established cases at baseline remained as PD (established/probable), and 86.9% of those categorized as clinically probable at baseline remained as PD (established/probable). Cases not fulfilling PD criteria had more severe parkinsonism, in particular relating to postural instability, gait problems, and cognitive impairment.
Conclusion:
Over 90% of cases clinically diagnosed as early PD fulfilled the MDS criteria for PD. Those not fulfilling criteria may have an atypical parkinsonian disorder or secondary parkinsonism that is not correctly identified by the UK Brain Bank criteria, but possibly by the new criteria
Statin usage, vascular diagnosis and vascular risk factors in Parkinson's disease
Background and aims: Vascular disease is a common comorbidity in Parkinson’s disease patients. Statins are potentially
neuroprotective for Parkinson’s disease through non-vascular mechanisms. We investigated prevailing statin use in a
Parkinson’s disease cohort.
Methods and results: Data on diagnostic indication for statins, anti-Parkinson therapy, vascular risk factors, and statin
prescription, were obtained from electronic medical record review for consecutive Parkinson’s disease patients. The
ASsessing cardiac risk using Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines Network system was used to calculate future cardiovascular
risk and identify those warranting statin use. Of 441 patients included, 59.9% were male, with a mean age of 68.9
years (standard deviation 10.3). One hundred and seventy-four (39.5%) patients had at least one diagnostic indication for
statin use, of whom 136 (78.2%) were prescribed a statin. In the 267 (60.5%) cases without a diagnostic indication, 54
(20.2%) were excluded owing to age limitations defined in ASsessing cardiac risk using Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines
Network. Of the remaining 213, 62 (29.1%) had an ASsessing cardiac risk using Scottish Intercollegiate Guidelines
Network score in the recommended range for statin therapy, of whom 15 (24.1%) were prescribed statins.
Conclusion: There is suboptimal implementation of statin therapy in Parkinson’s disease patients. Given the possible
neuroprotective effects of statins in Parkinson’s disease in addition to reducing cardiovascular risk, reasons for suboptimal
implementation warrant further investigation
Optimal Goodwill Model with Consumer Recommendations and Market Segmentation
We propose a new dynamic model of product goodwill where a product is sold in many
market segments, and where the segments are indicated by the usage experience of consumers. The
dynamics of product goodwill is described by a partial di erential equation of the Lotka{Sharpe{
McKendrick type. The main novelty of this model is that the product goodwill in a segment of
new consumers depends not only on advertising e ort, but also on consumer recommendations,
for which we introduce a mathematical representation. We consider an optimal goodwill model
where in each market segment the control variable is the company's advertising e orts in order to
maximize its pro ts. Using the maximum principle, we numerically nd the optimal advertising
strategies and corresponding optimal goodwill paths. The sensitivity of these solutions is analysed.
We identify two types of optimal advertising campaign: `strengthening' and `supportive'. They
may assume di erent shapes and levels depending on the market segment. These experiments
highlight the need for both researchers and managers to consider a segmented advertising polic
Bernoulli numbers and solitons
We present a new formula for the Bernoulli numbers as the following integral
This formula is motivated by the
results of Fairlie and Veselov, who discovered the relation of Bernoulli
polynomials with soliton theory.Comment: 5 page
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