113,127 research outputs found
Negative heat-capacity at phase-separations in microcanonical thermostatistics of macroscopic systems with either short or long-range interactions
Conventional thermo-statistics address infinite homogeneous systems within
the canonical ensemble. However, some 170 years ago the original motivation of
thermodynamics was the description of steam engines, i.e. boiling water. Its
essential physics is the separation of the gas phase from the liquid. Of
course, boiling water is inhomogeneous and as such cannot be treated by
conventional thermo-statistics. Then it is not astonishing, that a phase
transition of first order is signaled canonically by a Yang-Lee singularity.
Thus it is only treated correctly by microcanonical Boltzmann-Planck
statistics. This was elaborated in the talk presented at this conference. It
turns out that the Boltzmann-Planck statistics is much richer and gives
fundamental insight into statistical mechanics and especially into entropy.
This can be done to a far extend rigorously and analytically. The deep and
essential difference between ``extensive'' and ``intensive'' control
parameters, i.e. microcanonical and canonical statistics, was exemplified by
rotating, self-gravitating systems. In the present paper the necessary
appearance of a convex entropy and the negative heat capacity at phase
separation in small as well macroscopic systems independently of the range of
the force is pointed out.Comment: 6 pages, 1 figure, 1 table; contribution to the international
conference "Next Sigma Phi" on news, expectations, and trends in statistical
physics, Crete 200
Zero-norm states and High-energy Symmetries of String Theory
We derive stringy Ward identities from the decoupling of two types of
zero-norm states in the old covariant first quantized (OCFQ) spectrum of open
bosonic string. These Ward identities are valid to all energy and all loop
orders in string perturbation theory. The high-energy limit of these stringy
Ward identities can then be used to fix the proportionality constants between
scattering amplitudes of different string states algebraically without
referring to Gross and Mende's saddle point calculation of high-energy
string-loop amplitudes. As examples, all Ward identities for the mass level 4
and 6 are derived, their high-energy limits are calculated and the
proportionality constants between scattering amplitudes of different string
states are determined. In addition to those identified before, we discover some
new nonzero components of high-energy amplitudes not found previously by Gross
and Manes. These components are essential to preserve massive gauge invariances
or decouple massive zero-norm states of string theory. A set of massive
scattering amplitudes and their high energy limits are calculated explicitly
for each mass level to justify our results
Stringy Symmetries and Their High-energy Limits
We derive stringy symmetries with conserved charges of arbitrarily high spins
from the decoupling of two types of zero-norm states in the old covariant first
quantized (OCFQ) spectrum of open bosonic string. These symmetries are valid to
all energy and all loop orders in string perturbation theory. The high-energy
limit of these stringy symmetries can then be used to fix the proportionality
constants between scattering amplitudes of different string states
algebraically without referring to Gross and Mende's saddle point calculation
of high-energy string-loop amplitudes. These proportionality constants are, as
conjectured by Gross, independent of the scattering angle and the order of
string perturbation theory. However, we also discover some new nonzero
components of high-energy amplitudes not found previously by Gross and Manes.
These components are essential to preserve massive gauge invariances or
decouple massive zero-norm states of string theory. A set of massive scattering
amplitudes and their high energy limit are calculated explicitly to justify our
results.Comment: 10 pages. A corrected version of hep-th/0303012. Final version to
appear in Phys. Lett.
Freeze-out Configuration in Multifragmentation
The excitation energy and the nuclear density at the time of breakup are
extracted for the reaction at beam energies of 1 and 3.6
GeV/nucleon. These quantities are calculated from the average relative velocity
of intermediate mass fragments (IMF) at large correlation angles as a function
of the multiplicity of IMFs using a statistical model coupled with many-body
Coulomb trajectory calculations. The Coulomb component and
thermal component are found to depend oppositely on the
excitation energy, IMFs multiplicity, and freeze-out density. These
dependencies allow the determination of both the volume and the mean excitation
energy at the time of breakup. It is found that the volume remained constant as
the beam energy was increased, with a breakup density of about ,
but that the excitation energy increased to about 5.5 MeV/nucleon.Comment: 12 pages, 2 figures available upon resues
Electromagnetic interactions for the two-body spectator equations
This paper presents a new non-associative algebra which is used to (i) show
how the spectator (or Gross) two-body equations and electromagnetic currents
can be formally derived from the Bethe-Salpeter equation and currents if both
are treated to all orders, (ii) obtain explicit expressions for the Gross
two-body electromagnetic currents valid to any order, and (iii) prove that the
currents so derived are exactly gauge invariant when truncated consistently to
any finite order. In addition to presenting these new results, this work
complements and extends previous treatments based largely on the analysis of
sums of Feynman diagrams.Comment: 44 pages, 14 figure
Is there an Ay problem in low-energy neutron-proton scattering?
We calculate Ay in neutron-proton scattering for the interactions models
WJC-1 and WJC-2 in the Covariant Spectator Theory. We find that the recent 12
MeV measurements performed at TUNL are in better agreement with our results
than with the Nijmegen Phase Shift Analysis of 1993, and after reviewing the
low-energy data, conclude that there is no Ay problem in low-energy np
scattering.Comment: 5 pages, 2 figures, accepted by PL
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