Mapping Oil and Gas Development Potential in the US Intermountain West and Estimating Impacts to Species

Many studies have quantified the indirect effect of hydrocarbon-based economies on climate change and biodiversity, concluding that a significant proportion of species will be threatened with extinction. However, few studies have measured the direct effect of new energy production infrastructure on species persistence. in the western US and translate the build-out scenarios into estimated impacts on sage-grouse. We project that future oil and gas development will cause a 7–19 percent decline from 2007 sage-grouse lek population counts and impact 3.7 million ha of sagebrush shrublands and 1.1 million ha of grasslands in the study area.Maps of where oil and gas development is anticipated in the US Intermountain West can be used by decision-makers intent on minimizing impacts to sage-grouse. This analysis also provides a general framework for using predictive models and build-out scenarios to anticipate impacts to species. These predictive models and build-out scenarios allow tradeoffs to be considered between species conservation and energy development prior to implementation

Attitudes toward a future norovirus vaccine among members of an integrated healthcare delivery system in Portland, Oregon, 2016-2017

ABSTRACTWith recent advances in U.S. clinical trials for norovirus vaccines, it is an opportune time to examine what is known about the public receptivity to this novel vaccine. From October 2016–September 2017, we surveyed Kaiser Permanente Northwest members in Portland, Oregon, to ask their level of agreement on a 5-point scale with statements about the need for and willingness to get a potential norovirus vaccine for themselves or their child and analyzed their responses according to age, occupational status, prior vaccine uptake, and history of prior norovirus diagnoses. The survey response rate was 13.5% (n = 3,894); 807 (21%) responded as legal guardians, on behalf of a child <18 y of age and 3,087 (79%) were adults aged 18+ y. The majority of respondents were in agreement about getting the norovirus vaccine, if available (60% of legal guardians, 52% of adults aged 18–64 y, and 55% of adults aged 65+ y). Prior vaccination for influenza and rotavirus (among children) was the only correlate significantly associated with more positive attitudes toward receiving norovirus vaccine. Pre-pandemic attitudes in our all-ages study population reveal generally positive attitudes toward willingness to get a norovirus vaccine, particularly among those who previously received influenza or rotavirus vaccines

Safety of measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine in adolescents and adults in the vaccine safety Datalink

Background: Measles, mumps, and rubella vaccine (MMR) is routinely administered to children; however, adolescents and adults may receive MMR for various reasons. Safety studies in adolescents and adults are limited. We report on safety of MMR in this age group in the Vaccine Safety Datalink. Methods: We included adolescents (aged 9–17 years) and adults (aged ≥ 18 years) who received ≥ 1 dose of MMR from January 1, 2010–December 31, 2018. Pre-specified outcomes were identified by diagnosis codes. Clinically serious outcomes included anaphylaxis, encephalitis/myelitis, Guillain-Barré syndrome, immune thrombocytopenia, meningitis, and seizure. Non-serious outcomes were allergic reaction, arthropathy, fever, injection site reaction, lymphadenopathy, non-specific reaction, parotitis, rash, and syncope. All serious outcomes underwent medical record review. Outcome-specific incidence was calculated in pre-defined post-vaccination windows. A self-controlled risk interval design was used to determine the relative risk of each outcome in a risk window after vaccination compared to a more distal control window. Results: During the study period, 276,327 MMR doses were administered to adolescents and adults. Mean age of vaccinees was 34.8 years; 65.8 % were female; 53.2 % of doses were administered simultaneously with ≥ 1 other vaccine. Serious outcomes were rare, with incidence ≤ 6 per 100,000 doses for each outcome assessed, and none had a significant elevation in incidence during the risk window compared to the control window. Incidence of non-serious outcomes per 100,000 doses ranged from 3.4 for parotitis to 263.0 for arthropathy. Other common outcomes included injection site reaction and rash (157.0 and 112.9 per 100,000 doses, respectively). Significantly more outcomes were observed during the risk window compared to the control window for all non-serious outcomes except parotitis. Some variability was observed by sex and age group. Conclusion: Serious outcomes after MMR are rare in adolescents and adults, but vaccinees should be counseled regarding anticipated local and systemic non-serious adverse events

A model for rapid, active surveillance for medically-attended acute gastroenteritis within an integrated health care delivery system

<div><p>Background</p><p>This study presents a novel methodology for estimating all-age, population-based incidence rates of norovirus and other pathogens that contribute to acute gastroenteritis in the United States using an integrated healthcare delivery system as a surveillance platform.</p><p>Methods</p><p>All cases of medically attended acute gastroenteritis within the delivery system were identified from April 1, 2014 through September 30, 2016. A sample of these eligible patients were selected to participate in two phone-based surveys and to self-collect a stool sample for laboratory testing. To ascertain household transmission patterns, information on household members with acute gastroenteritis was gathered from participants, and symptomatic household members were contacted to participate in a survey and provide stool sample as well.</p><p>Results</p><p>54% of individuals who met enrollment criteria agreed to participate, and 76% of those individuals returned a stool sample. Among household members, 85% of eligible individuals agreed to participate, and 68% of those returned a stool sample. Participant demographics were similar to those of the eligible population, although minority racial/ethnic groups were somewhat underrepresented in the final sample.</p><p>Conclusions</p><p>This study demonstrates the feasibility of conducting acute infectious disease research within an integrated health care delivery system. The surveillance, sampling, recruitment, and data collection methods described here are broadly applicable to conduct baseline and epidemiological assessments, as well as for other research requiring representative samples of stool specimens.</p></div

KPNW members identified with medically-attended acute gastroenteritis, April 1, 2014-September 30, 2016.

<p>^aParticipants with a single AGE encounter per day, prior to applying exclusion criteria. ^bEncounters occuring ≥30 days following the preceding encounter. ^cHealth plan member with ≥1 AGE encounter during the study period who meets enrollment criteria; members can have multiple events. ^dAll recruitable members aged <5 and ≥75 years of age; 35% of the following age groups: 5–17, 18–44, 45–64, 65–74. ^eContacted and meets all criteria for study population. ^fAgreed to participate and completed the baseline survey. ^gReturned samples were not pathogen-tested; 8 were rejected by the KPNW lab due to inadequate information; 49 were deemed nonviable by the Oregon State Public Health Lab.</p

KPNW household members of enrolled MAAGE participants, April 1, 2014-September 30, 2016.

<p>^aRecruited household members of participants that have onset of AGE symptoms ≤7 days before primary participant’s recruitment or follow-up call. ^bAgreed to participate and completed baseline survey. ^cReturned samples were not viable for pathogen testing.</p

Stool sample collection kit provided to enrolled MAAGE study participants.

<p>Stool sample collection kit and information sheet (kit provided by OHPL) </p><p></p><p></p><p>• Screw-top plastic container (for the specimen). Collection container will have a label for Health Record Number (HRN), Name, date of birth (DOB), date of collection, time of collection. Recruitment staff will include member’s HRN, Name and DOB before sending kit to participant.</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Card board-and-tissue-paper liner (fits on a toilet seat) with paper bowl (can be added to liner if needed)</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Spoon (to scoop)</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Gloves</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Gauze pad (for use with diapers)</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Alcohol cleaning pad</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Plastic specimen bag (may say "Biohazard") with absorbent towel</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Paper sack</p><p></p><p></p><p></p> <p>• Screw-top plastic container (for the specimen). Collection container will have a label for Health Record Number (HRN), Name, date of birth (DOB), date of collection, time of collection. Recruitment staff will include member’s HRN, Name and DOB before sending kit to participant.</p> <p>• Card board-and-tissue-paper liner (fits on a toilet seat) with paper bowl (can be added to liner if needed)</p> <p>• Spoon (to scoop)</p> <p>• Gloves</p> <p>• Gauze pad (for use with diapers)</p> <p>• Alcohol cleaning pad</p> <p>• Plastic specimen bag (may say "Biohazard") with absorbent towel</p> <p>• Paper sack</p> <p><b>Refrigeration Kit</b></p><p></p><p></p><p>• Cold pack(s)</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Chill Checker button (count of 500 for randomly selected samples)</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Information sheet for keeping specimen at required temperature</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Sending/Returning shipping packet and information sheet</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Shipping label for return sample</p><p></p><p></p><p>• Shipping box</p><p></p><p></p><p></p> <p>• Cold pack(s)</p> <p>• Chill Checker button (count of 500 for randomly selected samples)</p> <p>• Information sheet for keeping specimen at required temperature</p> <p>• Sending/Returning shipping packet and information sheet</p> <p>• Shipping label for return sample</p> <p>• Shipping box</p

Comparison of MAAGE recruitment-eligible members and enrolled study participants, April 1, 2014-September 30, 2016.

<p>Comparison of MAAGE recruitment-eligible members and enrolled study participants, April 1, 2014-September 30, 2016.</p

ICD-9/10 codes used to define MAAGE encounters.

<p>ICD-9/10 codes used to define MAAGE encounters.</p