Opinion dynamics: models, extensions and external effects

Recently, social phenomena have received a lot of attention not only from social scientists, but also from physicists, mathematicians and computer scientists, in the emerging interdisciplinary field of complex system science. Opinion dynamics is one of the processes studied, since opinions are the drivers of human behaviour, and play a crucial role in many global challenges that our complex world and societies are facing: global financial crises, global pandemics, growth of cities, urbanisation and migration patterns, and last but not least important, climate change and environmental sustainability and protection. Opinion formation is a complex process affected by the interplay of different elements, including the individual predisposition, the influence of positive and negative peer interaction (social networks playing a crucial role in this respect), the information each individual is exposed to, and many others. Several models inspired from those in use in physics have been developed to encompass many of these elements, and to allow for the identification of the mechanisms involved in the opinion formation process and the understanding of their role, with the practical aim of simulating opinion formation and spreading under various conditions. These modelling schemes range from binary simple models such as the voter model, to multi-dimensional continuous approaches. Here, we provide a review of recent methods, focusing on models employing both peer interaction and external information, and emphasising the role that less studied mechanisms, such as disagreement, has in driving the opinion dynamics. [...]Comment: 42 pages, 6 figure

Anti-cancer drug validation: the contribution of tissue engineered models

Abstract Drug toxicity frequently goes concealed until clinical trials stage, which is the most challenging, dangerous and expensive stage of drug development. Both the cultures of cancer cells in traditional 2D assays and animal studies have limitations that cannot ever be unraveled by improvements in drug-testing protocols. A new generation of bioengineered tumors is now emerging in response to these limitations, with potential to transform drug screening by providing predictive models of tumors within their tissue context, for studies of drug safety and efficacy. Considering the NCI60, a panel of 60 cancer cell lines representative of 9 different cancer types: leukemia, lung, colorectal, central nervous system (CNS), melanoma, ovarian, renal, prostate and breast, we propose to review current Bstate of art^ on the 9 cancer types specifically addressing the 3D tissue models that have been developed and used in drug discovery processes as an alternative to complement their studyThis article is a result of the project FROnTHERA (NORTE-01-0145-FEDER-000023), supported by Norte Portugal Regional Operational Programme (NORTE 2020), under the PORTUGAL 2020 Partnership Agreement, through the European Regional Development Fund (ERDF). This article was also supported by the EU Framework Programme for Research and Innovation HORIZON 2020 (H2020) under grant agreement n° 668983 — FoReCaST. FCT distinction attributed to Joaquim M. Oliveira (IF/00423/2012) and Vitor M. Correlo (IF/01214/2014) under the Investigator FCT program is also greatly acknowledged.info:eu-repo/semantics/publishedVersio

The physics case of a 3 TeV muon collider stage

In the path towards a muon collider with center of mass energy of 10 TeV ormore, a stage at 3 TeV emerges as an appealing option. Reviewing the physicspotential of such muon collider is the main purpose of this document. In orderto outline the progression of the physics performances across the stages, a fewsensitivity projections for higher energy are also presented. There are manyopportunities for probing new physics at a 3 TeV muon collider. Some of themare in common with the extensively documented physics case of the CLIC 3 TeVenergy stage, and include measuring the Higgs trilinear coupling and testingthe possible composite nature of the Higgs boson and of the top quark at the 20TeV scale. Other opportunities are unique of a 3 TeV muon collider, and stemfrom the fact that muons are collided rather than electrons. This isexemplified by studying the potential to explore the microscopic origin of thecurrent $g$-2 and $B$-physics anomalies, which are both related with muons.<br

The physics case of a 3 TeV muon collider stage

In the path towards a muon collider with center of mass energy of 10 TeV ormore, a stage at 3 TeV emerges as an appealing option. Reviewing the physicspotential of such muon collider is the main purpose of this document. In orderto outline the progression of the physics performances across the stages, a fewsensitivity projections for higher energy are also presented. There are manyopportunities for probing new physics at a 3 TeV muon collider. Some of themare in common with the extensively documented physics case of the CLIC 3 TeVenergy stage, and include measuring the Higgs trilinear coupling and testingthe possible composite nature of the Higgs boson and of the top quark at the 20TeV scale. Other opportunities are unique of a 3 TeV muon collider, and stemfrom the fact that muons are collided rather than electrons. This isexemplified by studying the potential to explore the microscopic origin of thecurrent $g$-2 and $B$-physics anomalies, which are both related with muons.<br

Muon Collider Physics Summary

The perspective of designing muon colliders with high energy and luminosity,which is being investigated by the International Muon Collider Collaboration,has triggered a growing interest in their physics reach. We present a concisesummary of the muon colliders potential to explore new physics, leveraging onthe unique possibility of combining high available energy with very precisemeasurements.<br

Muon Collider Physics Summary

The perspective of designing muon colliders with high energy and luminosity,which is being investigated by the International Muon Collider Collaboration,has triggered a growing interest in their physics reach. We present a concisesummary of the muon colliders potential to explore new physics, leveraging onthe unique possibility of combining high available energy with very precisemeasurements.<br

Towards a muon collider

A muon collider would enable the big jump ahead in energy reach that is needed for a fruitful exploration of fundamental interactions. The challenges of producing muon collisions at high luminosity and 10&nbsp;TeV centre of mass energy are being investigated by the recently-formed International Muon Collider Collaboration. This Review summarises the status and the recent advances on muon colliders design, physics and detector studies. The aim is to provide a global perspective of the field and to outline directions for future work