Актуальные вопросы цифровизации уголовного судопроизводства: взгляд в будущее

The authors point out the main problems of the transformation of criminal justice. Which rest on the need to reform the entire system of the branch of law, as the digitalization of any sphere of activity requires changes in formal and constitutional institutions, culture, as well as the creation and use of AI artificial intelligence systems, the creation of technological capabilities to analyze huge amounts of Big Data and the protection of personal data. This is a condition of digital transformation.In the formation of a strategy of digitalization of criminal justice in the Russian Federation, according to the authors, there is a stalemate, which is difficult to resolve. On the one hand, criminal justice is a procedural institute, which operates strictly within the system of regulations, on the other hand, the digitalization of criminal proceedings requires huge changes in the sphere of law in general and in its individual branches.From the technological point of view, we see from the example of some business projects that such processes of some sectors of the economy are feasible. To build a technological platform for criminal proceedings is currently possible, it requires a transition to electronic criminal records (with minor amendments to the RF Criminal Procedural Code), to implement artificial intelligence and “drive” it all into technologies for processing large heterogeneous data Big Data, OLAP and DataMining. The problem lies not in the impossibility to change the existing legal model of criminal procedure and other procedural subjects, but in the fact that law enforcement is carried out between values where logic is powerless, where thinking is carried out in the form of understanding. And the necessary condition for understanding requires intuition and empathy as the most important elements of legal thinking of the law enforcement officer. Artificial intelligence cannot have them.In other words, in some parts of the law enforcement will be possible to create some kind of digital platforms, which will not meet the whole concept of building a sectoral platform, the consequence of these particular transformations is the fact that a co mprehensive digitalization of criminal justice is not expected in the near future, in view of the thin matter of science – law.Анализуются правовые, криминалистические и технологические аспекты цифровизации уголовного судопроизводства в Российской Федерации. Рассматриваются сложившиеся в научном сообществе взгляды на возможность цифровизации уголовного процесса и стратегию ее осуществления. Предлагается поэтапный (эволюционный) план ее реализации в рамках сложившейся системы уголовного судопроизводства: закрепление в Уголовно-процессуальном кодексе РФ регламентации использования цифровых технических средств, введение электронной формы уголовного дела и баз данных, создание цифровых платформ. Обосновывается невозможность цифровизации уголовного судопроизводства в ближайшем будущем

Pathogenetic justification for the therapy of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura (primary immune thrombocytopenia) in adults

The review presents current data on key mechanisms of the pathogenesis of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and comparative characteristics of main therapy methods. In recent years, the interest in studying this long known disease has significantly increased, and basic approaches to diagnosis and treatment have been revised. Recognition of the importance of immune-mediated mechanism of development of this disease led to the replacement of the term used for many years «idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura» to «immune thrombocytopenia». Moreover, development of hemorrhagic manifestations (purpura) is known to be characteristic not for all patients. The basis for the disease development is imbalance between the process of platelet production and destruction, as reflected in decrease of platelet production and increase of their elimination. Conventional treatment methods such as corticosteroids and splenectomy are directed at the suppression of a complex of cell interactions that lead to increased platelet destruction. Modern therapy for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura - thrombopoietin receptor agonists, on the contrary, stimulate the platelet production and are recommended for the use when loss or lack of response to previous therapy are observed. Most likely the efficacy of these drugs in resistant idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura is associated with a fundamentally different, alternative mechanism of action. The idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura group of patients is heterogeneous both in the character of the disease course and possible response to treatment. A limited number of clinical trials of some treatment methods for idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura and differing criteria for assessing the response to therapy complicate their direct comparison. The imperfection of certain treatment options, due to development of adverse events, and unpredictability of response to treatment necessitate the search for new approaches to the selection of the optimal variant of treatment of idiopathic thrombocytopenic purpura taking into account the individual characteristics of patients

GPIIB ALLELIC POLYMORPHISM AS A FACTOR ASSOCIATED WITH THE PROBABILITY OF IMMUNE THROMBOCYTOPENIA AND THE SEVERITY OF HEMORRHAGIC SYNDROME

Russian Scientific Research Institute of Hematology and Transfusiology under the Federal Medico-Biological Agency; 16 Vtoraya Sovetskaya St., 191024 Saint Petersburg, RussiaPolymorphism of platelet glycoproteins GPIIIa (T1565C), GPIba (T434C), GPIIb (T2622G) and GPIa (A1648G) genes, responsible for the formation of alloantigenic platelet systems HPA-1, -2, -3 and -5, in patients with chronic immune thrombocytopenia (ITP) and in control group (CG) was investigated. Among ITP patients, the proportion of homozygotes of the GPIIb 2622 GG (HPA-3b/3b) gene was more than 2 times higher than in CG: 23.9 % versus 11.4 % (odds ratio (OR) = 2.4, 95 % confidence interval (CI): 1.0–5.8, p = 0.05). The frequency of HPA-3a/3a (GPIIb 2622TT,843Ile/Ile) genotype was higher in ITP patients with 2–3rd degrees of hemorrhagic syndrome (HS): 55.6% versus 25.0% in the group with 0–1st degree of HS (OR = 3.8, 95 % CI: 1.3–10.7, p = 0.02). The obtained data suggest the effect of T2622G polymorphism GPIIb gene both on development of disease (2622 GG genotype), and on serious manifestations of HS (2622 TT genotype), which allows considering this polymorphism as unfavorable prognostic criterion in ITP patients

CHARACTERISTICS OF BONE MARROW MICROENVIRONMENT IN MULTIPLE MYELOMA BEFORE AND AFTER TREATMENT

The purpose of the study is to evaluate the morphological and functional features of the tumor microenvironment and the cultural characteristics of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSC) of patients with multiple myeloma (MM) before and after treatment. Material and methods. Parenchymal and stromal bone marrow tissue in iliac bone trepanobiopsy of 32 patients with MM aged from 48 to 78 years (median age 56 years) before and after treatment was investigated. The study applied histological, immunohistochemical and cultural methods. Results and discussion. Сhanges of stromal microenvironment of bone marrow in all patients with MM have been revealed: increased microvascular density and the number of endosteal stromal cells, strengthening of reticulin fiber in subendosteal and perivascular spaces. Increased angiogenesis correlates with the number of plasma cells in the myelogram (r = 0.58; p < 0.05) and with the type of bone marrow infiltration (r = 0.85; р < 0.05), as well as with osteodestructive changes in the patient’s history (r = 0.65; p < 0.05). Significant changes in MSC cultures, both before and after therapy, including autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation, were shown. Bone marrow MSC of patients with MM had decreased speed of proliferation (2.4 times on average), total time of passaging from 7 to 5 passages, increased expression of markers associated with myofibroblastic phenotype and aging (smooth muscle actin, β-galactosidase) compared to healthy donors. Conclusion. MSC cultures and BM niche forming elements of patients with MM have signs of tumor-associated microenvironment, despite the treatment of the underlying disease