Behavior of adolescents of different experimental groups in the partition test.

<p>SDS – social defeat stress; PS – psychological stress; Light columns - familiar partner; dark columns - unfamiliar partner; *P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 <i>vs</i> the controls of respective partners; +P<0.05; ++P<0.01; +++P<0.001 <i>vs</i> SDS adolescents of respective partners; #P<0.05; ##P<0.01; ###P<0.001 <i>vs</i> familiar partner in respective group (n = 10–12 per group).</p

Protocols for studying the effects of combined stress (SDS+SIS or CDS+SIS) on the behavior of adolescents (A) and adult mice stressed in adolescence (B).

<p>SDS - social defeat stress; CDS – communication deprivation stress; SIS – social instability stress. As a control age-matched groups of males living in littermate groups were used. Before being examined in a range of behavioral tests, control animals and adult mice at the period of 31–38 days (B) were placed in individual cages to facilitate behavioral testing and remove group housing effects. Experimental groups and age-matched control groups were tested simultaneously in the behavioral tests (one test per day). Details of protocol are described in section “Materials and methods”.</p

Behavior of SDS adolescents in behavioral tests after 3 weeks of rest.

<p>*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 <i>vs</i> the control; ^#P<0.01; ^##P<0.001 <i>vs</i> empty cylinder.</p

BrdU-positive cells in hippocampal subgranular zone of the dentate gyrus in SDS adolescents and in grown adolescents after 3 weeks of the rest.

<p>SDS – social defeat stress **P<0.01 - <i>vs</i> the controls (n = 6–7 per group).</p

Behavior of adolescents of different experimental groups in the social interactions test.

<p>SDS – social defeat stress; PS – psychological stress; Light columns - empty cylinder; dark columns -unfamiliar partner is under cylinder. ***P<0.001 <i>vs</i> the controls of respective partners; +++P<0.001 <i>vs</i> SDS adolescents of respective partners; ##P<0.01; ###P<0.001 <i>vs</i> empty cylinder in respective groups (n = 10–12 per group).</p

Behavior of adolescents in the elevated plus-maze test.

<p>*P<0.05; **P<0.01 <i>vs</i> the control; ++P<0.01 <i>vs</i> SDS adolescents (n = 10–12 per group).</p

Behavior of adolescents of different experimental groups in the Porsolt test.

<p>SDS – social defeat stress; PS – psychological stress; **P<0.01 <i>vs</i> the controls. #P<0.05 <i>vs</i> SDS adolescents (n = 10–12 per group).</p

Behavior of adolescents (the controls and group of adolescents after 3 weeks of rest in the elevated plus-maze test.

<p>*P<0.05; **P<0.01; ***P<0.001 <i>vs</i> the controls (n = 11–12 per group).</p

Behavior of adolescents of different experimental groups in the open-field test.

<p>SDS – social defeat stress; PS – psychological stress; ***P<0.001 <i>vs</i> the controls; +P<0.05; ++P<0.01; +++P<0.001 <i>vs</i> SDS adolescents (n = 10–12 per group).</p

Immunohistochemistry of glioblastoma with elevated mobile lipid signal.

<p>To assess tumor growth, the RCAS-TVA-J12p16/M9Pten mice were injected with BrdU (150 mg/kg, i.p.) 2 hr before euthanasia. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094755#pone-0094755-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6A</a>: T2-weighted MRI of a RCAS-TVA-J12p16/M9Pten mouse who developed a small glioblastoma GBM in the left hemisphere. The region of the cerebral cortex (white inset) containing GBM and normal tissue was tracked and matched with histology (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094755#pone-0094755-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6B–E</a>). <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094755#pone-0094755-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6B</a>: Immunostaining for BrdU and activated caspase 3, demonstrating that the GBM is filled with dividing cells mixed with islets of apoptotic cells. <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094755#pone-0094755-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6C–E</a>: Higher magnification views of the inset in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094755#pone-0094755-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6B</a> illustrating the high density of dividing BrdU-positive cells intermingled with scattered apoptotic cells. (<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094755#pone-0094755-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6F–H</a>) The GBM tissue immunostained for anti-BrdU and GFAP, a marker of neural stem cells and mature astrocytes. The images presented in <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094755#pone-0094755-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6B–H</a> are single projection views based on 20-mm serial optical z-stacks. Scale bars: <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094755#pone-0094755-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6B</a>, 1 mm; <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094755#pone-0094755-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6C–E</a>, 10 µm; <a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0094755#pone-0094755-g006" target="_blank">Fig. 6F–H</a>, 100 µm.</p