Treatment of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts in dogs : a systematic review and meta‐analysis

Background Several options have been proposed for the treatment of congenital extrahepatic portosystemic shunts (cEHPSS) in dogs, but formal comparisons among different treatment options are currently unavailable. A previous evidence-based review (2012) found low quality of evidence for papers assessing the treatment of cEHPSS in dogs. Objectives To assess the quality of evidence available in the treatment of cEHPSS, summarize the current state of knowledge with respect to outcome after cEHPSS management, and compare different treatment techniques. Animals Not used. Methods A bibliographic search was performed without date or language restrictions. Studies were assessed for quality of evidence (study design, study group sizes, subject enrollment quality, and overall risk of bias) and outcome measures reported (perioperative outcome, clinical outcome, and surgical or interventional outcome), all reported with 95% confidence intervals. A network meta-analysis was performed. Results Forty-eight studies were included. Six retrospective studies (grade 4b) compared 2 techniques and 7 were abstracts (grade 5). The quality of evidence was low and risk of bias high. Regarding surgical outcome, statistically significant superiority of ameroid constrictor over thin film band was observed (P = .003). No other comparisons were statistically significant. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The evidence base of choice of treatment of cEHPSS in dogs remains weak despite recent publications on the subject. Ameroid is superior to thin film band in causing EHPSS closure. Blinded randomized studies comparing different treatment modalities, which routinely include postoperative imaging to assess cEHPSS closure and acquired portosystemic shunt development are essential

Cerebellar cortical degeneration with selective granule cell loss in Bavarian mountain dogs

Three Bavarian mountain dogs aged between 18 and 20 months, not related to each other, were presented with chronic signs of cerebellar dysfunction. On sagittal T2-weighted magnetic resonance imaging brain images, the tentative diagnosis of cerebellar hypoplasia was established based on an enlarged cerebrospinal fluid space around the cerebellum and an increased cerebrospinal fluid signal between the folia. Post-mortem examination was performed in one dog and did show an overall reduction of cerebellar size. On histopathologic examination, a selective loss of cerebellar granule cells with sparing of Purkinje cells was evident. Therefore, the Bavarian mountain dog is a breed where cerebellar cortical degeneration caused by the rather exceptional selective granule cell loss can be seen as cause of chronic, slowly progressive cerebellar dysfunction starting at an age of several months

P-V-T behavior of FeO(OH) and MnO(OH)

The P-V-T behavior of FeO(OH) and MnO(OH) has been determined under high pressure and high temperature up to 7.5 GPa and 500 °C using a MAX 80 cubic anvil high-pressure apparatus. The samples, synthetic goethite, α-FeO(OH), respectively, a natural groutite/manganite, α-MnO(OH)/γ-MnO(OH), specimen were mixed with Vaseline to ensure hydrostatic pressure-transmitting conditions, and NaCl served as an internal standard for pressure calibration. Energy-dispersive diffraction patterns were collected at a fixed 2θ angle (θ ≈ 4.52°). At pressures >7.1 GPa and temperatures >310 °C, respectively, P > 6.3 GPa and T > 350 °C, the transformation goethite ↔ ε-FeO(OH) was observed. Between 400 and 450 °C, the sample dehydrated to magnetite due to the reducing conditions caused by the graphite-tube furnace. By fitting a Birch–Murnaghan equation of state to the data, the bulk modulus of goethite was determined as (112.26 ± 2.26) GPa, (K′ = 4), V$_{T,0}$ = (138.79 ± 0.10) Å$^3$·exp [∫(0.497 ± 0.103) × 10$^{−4}$ dT], (∂KT/∂T)P = (–0.033 ± 0.020) GPa K$^{−1}$. For ε-FeO(OH), the values K = (142.8 ± 15.1) GPa, V0 = (66.18 ± 0.16) Å$^3$, (K′ = 4), were obtained. Groutite and manganite are more compressible than their Fe analogues. K(groutite) = (84.0 ± 2.9) GPa, V$_0$ = (139.92 ± 0.13) Å$^3$, (K′ = 4). K(manganite) = (82.2 ± 3.0) GPa, V$_0$ = (135.37 ± 0.15) Å$^3$, (K′ = 4). Groutite disappeared at P ≈ 5.5 GPa and T = 300 °C, only manganite remained. At T > 400 °C, the sample dehydrated first to Mn$_3$O$_4$ [II] and then to manganosite (MnO) again pointing to reducing conditions

Thermodynamics of Inorganic Hydration and of Humidity Control, with an Extensive Database of Salt Hydrate Pairs

Water is ubiquitous, and its presence in the ambient humid air means that it may constitute an uncontrolled variable in chemical processes. Methods for humidity control may involve complete removal of water and its vapor by procedures such as evaporation under vacuum, use of drying agents such as silica gel, adjustment to a desired humidity by use of saturated aqueous solutions, or adjustment to a desired humidity by use of a pair of related salt hydrates (such as CuSO4·3H2O + CuSO4·5H2O). By the phase rule, the presence of three phases at a fixed temperature (in the latter two cases) ensures a constant equilibrium humidity. The thermodynamics of these chemical means of humidity controlis presented, together with a database of almost 300 salt hydrate pairs which may be considered for humidity control by mixing into the reaction medium. However, the possibility of interaction of the hydrates with the reaction medium should not be neglected