Additional file 2: Table 1. of Comparative epidemiology of influenza A and B viral infection in a subtropical region: a 7-year surveillance in Okinawa, Japan

Example weeks from dataset 1 and dataset 2 post-alignment. Sample weeks shown here are to serve as a visual representation of the method outlined to evaluate age distribution. Dataset 1 (left) and dataset 2 (right) were combined and aligned following the selection of “epidemic weeks”. A week in which influenza A or B cases accounted for more than 90 % of all positive influenza cases was defined as an epidemic week. In the year 2007, you see an example of a defined influenza A epidemic week, whereas the year 2011 is a representative influenza B epidemic week. The week from 2013 displays a typical week which was removed from our age distribution analysis because neither influenza A nor B was dominant (>90 %). (PPTX 66 kb

Comparison of two screening tests for HIV-Associated Neurocognitive Disorder suspected Japanese patients with respect to cART usage

<div><p>In this study, we demonstrated the pervasiveness of HIV-associated neurocognitive disorders (HAND) among a selection of Japanese patients as well as evaluated and compared the Mini Mental State Examination (MMSE) and the International HIV Dementia Scale (IHDS) for use as a screening tool among combination anti-retroviral therapy (cART)-naïve and cART experienced patients. The MMSE and the IHDS have both been used as HAND screening tests around the world with variable success. It has been reported the increased usage of cART the utility of these screening tests may have been diminished due to the decreased severity of impairment and the altered pattern of neurocognitive impairments in cART era HAND patients. It is therefore possible the MMSE and the IHDS may still be useful among cART-naïve patients even in the cART era. However, only one study has investigated and compared the screening results of the IHDS among cART-naïve and cART experienced patients. All HIV positive patients who visited, or were admitted, to the Ryukyu University Hospital between January 2009 and March 2014 were evaluated for inclusion. Selected patients (n = 49) had data without omission for all tests. The overall prevalence of HAND in our cohort was 44%. The area under the curve (AUC), for all subjects using the MMSE and the IHDS, were 0.60 and 0.69, respectively. However, the AUC among cART-naïve patients were 0.58 and 0.76 for the MMSE and the IHDS, respectively. Whereas, cART experienced patients had an AUC of 0.60 and 0.61, respectively. Overall, the MMSE demonstrated a poor screening ability for HAND, regardless of cART usage (the cut-off value of 27 had a Youden's J-Index of 0.1, in all groups). Alternatively, the IHDS was moderately useful for HAND screening among cART-naïve patients (the cut-off value of 11 had a Youden's J-Index of 0.4), but performed poorly as a screening test among cART experienced patients (the cut-off value of 11 had a Youden's J-Index of 0.1).</p></div

ROC curve of MMSE and IHDS among cART-naïve (n = 27) and cART experienced patients (n = 22).

<p>Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve for cART-naïve and cART experienced patients generated by using the results from the neuropsychological test battery as a gold standard for HAND diagnosis.</p

Patient scores for each neurophychological test for HAND diagnosis (n = 49).

<p>Impairment (Imp) was considered as mental deterioration of at least 1 standard deviation. Non-impairment (non-Imp) patients were considered as having minimal mental deterioration ranging from less than 1 standard deviation to normal cognitive abilities. Abbreviations: DST: Digit Symbol Test, TMT-A; Trail Making Test Part A, TMT-B; Trail Making Test Part B, ST; Stroop Test, DS; Digit Span.</p

ROC curve of MMSE and IHDS among all subjects (n = 49).

<p>Receiver Operator Characteristic (ROC) curve generated by using the results from the neuropsychological test battery as a gold standard for HAND diagnosis.</p

Patient score distribution for MMSE and IHDS (n = 49).

<p>Black and white bar indicate cART-naive and cART experienced patients, respectively.</p

Patient background and laboratory findings.

<p>Patient background and laboratory findings.</p